Chapter 1 |
Social Condition of England in the Sixteenth Century |
Character of Mediaeval Civilization;
Population in the Sixteenth Century —
Slowness of the Rate of Increase —
Encouragement of Manufactures —
The great "Sin of Idleness" —
Decline of Towns —
The Feudal System —
Regiments of Labour —
Distribution of Property —
Sumptuary Laws —
Prosperity of the People —
Wages and Prices —
Principle of State Interference —
General Prosperity of Labour —
Labour and Capital —
Management of Land —
The Commercial Spirit —
Absorption of Lands for Pasturage —
The State Interferes —
Incomes of the Higher Classes —
Cost of the Royal Establishment —
The Country Gentlemen and the Clergy —
Country Houses in England —
The "Glory of Hospitality" —
Habits of Country Gentlemen
The Clergy and the Laity.
Education —
Organization of Trade —
The London Companies —
Education of the Poor —
Illustrative Statutes . —
The Handloom Weavers —
The System Decays —
The Change —
Military Training —
Archery Practice —
Amusements of the People —
Rise of the English Drama —
English Dramatic Exhibitions —
Illustrations —
A Masque at Greenwich —
Neglect of Duty by the Religious Houses —
English Poor Laws —
Organization of Charity —
Act of 1531 —
Act of 1536 —
Conclusion |
Chapter II |
The Last Years of the Administration of Wolsey |
Struggles between the Clergy and Laity —
Condition of the Church;
The Warnings;
Intended Reformation by Wolsey —
The one Resident Bishop;
The Supplication of the Beggars;
First Agitation of the Divorce;
The Law of Succession;
The Divorce of Catherine of Arragon;
The Succession;
Recollections of the Wars of the Roses —
Possible Claimants for the Crown;
Marriage of Henry and Catherine;
Henry's Motives;
Henry's own Feelings —
The Spanish Alliance —
Policy of Wolsey —
Wolsey's Scheme of Church Reform —
Wolsey 's Visionary Schemes —
The "Divorce" submitted to the Pope —
The Papal Jurisdiction on its Trial —
The Pope's Difficulties —
Conduct of Charles —
Derangement of Commerce —
Proposals of Campeggio;
Attitude of Catherine;
Public Acknowledgment of Anne Boleyn —
Premature Intrigues —
The Emperor's Influence destroyed —
The Pope's Promise —
Wolsey's Protest —
The Crisis —
Fall of Wolsey —
The Third Estate —
Persecution —
Parties in England —
Early Character of Henry VIII. —
Early History of Anne Boleyn.
|
Chapter III |
The Parliament of 1529 |
The Gathering of Parliament —
The Consistory Courts —
The Discipline of the Clergy —
Temper of London —
Parliament meets —
Speech of Sir Thomas More —
The Business of the Session commences —
Composition of the House of Commons —
Petition of the Commons —
Reply of the Bishops —
Character of the Defence —
Proceedings of Parliament —
Clergy Discipline Act —
Statute against Pluralities —
Failure of the Opposition —
Humiliation of the Bishops —
Prorogation of Parliament —
The Appeal to the Universities —
Charles the Fifth at Bologna —
Clement the Seventh —
The European Powers and the Papacy —
Mission of the Earl of Wiltshire —
The Reply of the Emperor —
Attitude of the Pope —
The Opinions of the Universities —
Bribery and Intimidation —
The University of Paris —
Oxford and Cambridge —
A Sunday at Windsor —
Results of the Collection of Opinions —
The King's Book.
|
Chapter IV |
Church and State |
The Clergy allowed a Respite —
Change in the Position of the Clergy —
Prosecution of Wolsey —
The Statutes of Provisors —
The Clergy in the Premunire —
The Bishop of Rochester —
Attempt to poison him —
Punishment of a Poisoner —
Temper of the Country —
Act against the Gipsies —
Popular Superstitions —
The Nun of Kent —
The House of Lords address the Pope —
The Address of the Lords —
The King leaves Catherine;
The Party of Insurrection —
The Levy of the Fine upon the Clergy —
Scene in St. Paul's Chapter House —
Burning of Tracy's Body —
Benefit of Clergy —
Reform of the Court of Arches —
Evasion of the Mortmain Act —
Payment of Annates —
The Clergy Petition —
The Annates Act —
Final Surrender of Convocation —
Feeling of the Country —
Resignation of the Seals by More —
Protest and Death of Archbishop Warham.
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Chapter V |
Marriage of Henry and Anne Boleyn |
Liberty of Opinion —
General Espionage;
Informations forwarded to the Government —
The Greenwich Observants —
The Religious Orders in England —
Position of Parties in Europe —
Papal Diplomacy —
Meeting of the Kings —
The Interview at Calais —
The Return of Henry to England —
The Pope in Difficulties —
Interview between the Emperor and Pope —
The Bologna Conference —
The King marries —
Recapitulation —
Francis falls to the Pope —
Isolation of Henry —
The Parliament meets —
Economic Legislation —
Act of Apparel —
The Act of Appeals —
The Cause laid before Convocation —
Cranmer applies for Licence to proceed —
The King's Reply —
The Meaning of that Reply —
The Court at Dunstable —
Cranmer's Sentence —
Unsatisfactory Character of it —
Preparations for the Coronation —
The Queen is brought to the Tower —
The Coronation Pageant —
The Queen —
The Coronation —
Letter to the Emperor —
The Emperor's Reply —
Prospects in England —
The Princess Dowager —
The Princess Mary —
Royal Proclamation —
Catherine at Ampthill —
Catherine and the Royal Commissioners —
Queen Catherine's Conduct —
Letter of Archbishop Cranmer —
Martyrdom of Frith and Hewett —
Retribution.
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Chapter VI |
The Protestants |
The Lollards —
Presentation to Religious Benefices in the Fourteenth Century —
Statutes of Provisors —
Rise of the Lollards —
John Wycliffe —
Theory of Property —
Insurrection of Wat Tyler —
Wycliffe's Influence declines —
Death of Wycliffe —
Insurrection of Oldcastle — i
Close of the Lollard Movement —
New Birth of Protestantism —
The Christian Brothers —
Luther —
Multiplication of Testaments —
William Tyndal —
The Antwerp Printing-Press —
The Christian Brothers —
Wolsey's Persecutions —
Story of Anthony Dalaber —
Escape of Garret —
Perplexity of the Authorities —
The Ports are set for Garret's Capture —
Garret goes to Bristol, and is taken —
The Investigation at Oxford —
Doctor London's Intercession —
The Bishop of Lincoln —
Oxford is Purged —
Temper of the Protestants —
The Fall of Wolsey brings no Relief —
Sir Thomas More as Chancellor —
Contrast between Wolsey and More —
Martyrdom of Bilney —
Martyrdom of James Bainham —
Feelings of the People —
Pavier the Town Clerk . —
The Worship of Relics —
Hoods and Relics —
The Rood of Dovercourt —
The Paladins —
Early Life of Latimer —
He goes to Cambridge —
Latimer's Education —
His Fame as a Preacher —
He is appointed Chaplain to the King —
His Defence of the Protestants —
He is cited before the Bishops —
Latimer before the Bishops —
Thomas Cromwell —
Will of Thomas Cromwell.
|
Chapter VII |
The Last Efforts of Diplomacy |
Mary of Hungary —
The King is cited to Rome —
Clement refuses further Delay —
Isolation of England —
Henry urgent against the Interview —
He appeals to a Council —
Terms of the Appeal —
Legal Value of the Appeal —
Cranmer's Sentence known at Rome Measures of the Consistory —
Measures of the Consistory —
Henry again calls on Francis —
He will not surrender his Marriage —
He will not repeal his Legislation —
He urges the Rupture of the Interview —
Recal of the Embassy —
England and Germany —
Birth of Elizabeth —
Clement arrives at Marseilles —
The Interview —
Bonner at Marseilles —
Bonner and the Pope —
The Pope rejects the Appeal —
Proposal for a Court to sit at Cambray —
Francis implores Henry to consent —
Henry refuses to revoke the Laws against the Papacy —
State of England —
The Princess Mary —
Queen Catherine —
The Nun of Kent —
State of Feeling in England —
Proposed Marriage of the Princess Mary —
The Nun of Kent —
Disgrace of Mary —
The Countess of Salisbury —
The Nevilles —
General Superstition —
Proposals for a Protestant League used as a Menace to Francis —
The Protestant League —
The Court of Brussels —
Meeting of Parliament —
Perils of the Reformation —
Cromwell —
Opening Measures —
The Congé d'élire —
Abolition of Exactions —
Closing Protest —
Apology of Sir Thomas More accepted by the King —
Obstinate Defence of Fisher —
The Bill proceeds —
Execution of the Nun —
Her last Words —
The Act of Succession —
The first Oath of Allegiance —
Clement gives final Sentence against the King —
Obscurity of the Pope's Conduct —
Mission of the Duke of Guise —
The French Fleet watch the Channel —
The Commission sits to receive the Oath —
More and Fisher —
More before the Commission —
He refuses to Swear —
Debate in Council —
The Government are peremptory —
Concession not possible —
Royal Proclamation —
Circular to the Sheriffs —
Death of Clement VII..
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Chapter VIII |
The Irish Rebellion |
State of Ireland —
The Norman Conquest —
Absentees —
The Norman Irish —
Weakness of the English Rule —
Distribution of the Irish Clans —
The Irish Reaction —
Condition of the People —
English and Irish Estimates —
Ireland for the Irish —
Coyne and Livery —
The Geraldines of Kildare —
Deputation of Lord Surrey —
Return of Kildare —
Foreign Intrigues —
Desmond intrigues with the Emperor —
Geraldine Conspiracy —
Kildare sent to the Tower —
The Irish Rise —
The Duke of Richmond Viceroy —
Third Deputation to Kildare —
Ireland in its Ideal State —
New Aspects of Irish Rebellion —
Ireland and the Papacy —
Kildare is sent to the Tower —
Desmond and the Emperor —
Corny O'Brien —
The Holy War of the Geraldines —
General Rebellion —
Siege of Dublin —
Murder of Archbishop Allen —
Fitzgerald writes to the Pope —
Dublin saved by the Earl of Ormond —
A Truce agreed to —
Delay of the English Deputy —
Ormond again saves Dublin —
The Deputy sails from Beaumaris —
Mismanagement of Skeffington —
Delay and Incapacity —
Burning of Trim and Dunboyne —
Skeffington will not move —
General Despondency —
Disorganization of the English Army .... —
The Campaign opens —
Siege of Maynooth —
Storming of the Castle —
The Pardon of Maynooth —
The Rebellion collapses —
Lord Leonard Grey —
Fitzgerald surrenders —
Dilemma of the Government —
Execution of Fitzgerald —
End of the Rebellion.
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Chapter IX |
The Catholic Martyrs |
State of England in 1534 —
Temper of the Clergy —
Order for Preaching —
Secret Disaffection among the Clergy312
The Confessional —
Treasonable Intrigues —
Catholic Treasons —
Persecuting Laws against the Catholics —
The Act of Supremacy —
The Oath of Allegiance —
Election of Paul the Third —
Anxiety of the Emperor —
Proposals for a Catholic Coalition —
Counter-Overtures of Francis to Henry —
Attitude of Henry —
Distrust of France —
England and the Papacy —
The Penal Laws —
The Battle of the Faiths —
The Charterhouse Monks —
The Anabaptist Martyrs —
Fisher and More —
Fisher named Cardinal —
The Pope condescends to Falsehood —
Fisher Tried and Sentenced —
Execution of Fisher —
Sir Thomas More —
Effect upon Europe —
Letter to Cassalis —
Reply of the Pope —
Bull of Deposition —
Intrigues of Francis in Germany —
England and Germany.
|
Chapter X |
The Visitation of the Monasteries |
Visitation of the Monasteries —
The Abbey of St. Albans —
Commission of 1535 —
The Visitors at Oxford —
Progress of the Visitors —
Visit to Langden Abbey —
Fountains Abbey —
The Monks at Fordham —
The Monks of Pershore —
Rules to be observed in all Abbeys —
The Black Book in Parliament —
Discussion in Parliament —
Conflicting Opinions —
Smaller Houses suppressed —
The Protestant Bishops —
State of London —
The Vagrant Act —
Remission of Firstfruits —
Dissolution of Parliament —
The Work accomplished by Parliament.
|
Chapter XI |
Trial and Death of Anne Boleyn |
Death of Queen Catherine —
Anne Boleyn —
Anne Boleyn committed to the Tower —
The Tower —
Cranmer's Letter to the King —
Cranmer's Postscript —
Preparations for the Trial —
True Bills found by the Grand Juries —
The Indictment —
The Trials —
The opposite Probabilities —
Execution of the five Gentlemen —
The Divorce —
The Execution —
The Succession —
The King's Third Marriage —
Opinions of Foreign Courts —
Meeting of Parliament —
Speech of the Lord Chancellor —
Second Act of Succession.
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Chapter XII |
Foreign and Domestic Aspects of the Reformation in England |
Spain and England —
Animosity of the Emperor —
Mission of Cardinal Granvelle —
The Milan Temptation —
Francis will join the Papal League —
The Triple Cord —
Effect of the Death of Catherine —
Overtures to England —
Reply to the Spanish Ambassador —
The French invade Italy —
The Emperor's Protest —
Speech in the Consistory —
Invasion of Provence —
Attitude of England —
Expectations formed at Rome —
Paul's Message to Henry —
Letter of Sir Gregory Cassalis —
History of Reginald Pole —
The King's Favour towards him —
Residence Abroad —
The Book of the Church —
Opposes Conciliation —
England seen from within —
Convocation of 1536 —
Latimer's Sermon —
Spirit of the Clergy —
Complaints against the Growth of Heresy —
Protestant Heresies —
Peculiar Disposition of the King —
First Articles of Religion —
Judgment on General Councils —
Injunctions of the Vicar-General —
The English Bible
|
Chapter XIII |
The Pilgrimage of Grace |
Causes of Popular Disaffection —
Discontent in the House of Lords —
The Statute of Uses —
Enclosures of Commons —
Encroachment upon Local Jurisdiction —
The Three Commissions —
Fantastic Rumours . —
Rising in Lincolnshire —
The First of October at Louth —
The Rebellion in Motion —
The Articles of the Rebellion —
The Rebels occupy Lincoln —
Lord Hussey —
The Duke of Suffolk —
The King's Answer to the Petition —
Scene in the Chapter-house at Lincoln —
The Gentlemen separate from the Commons —
The Great Insurrection —
Account of Robert Aske —
The Rising of the North —
Scene at Beverley —
Lord Darcy —
The Rendezvous at Weighton —
Aske enters York —
Lord Darcy in Pomfret —
Surrender of Pomfret —
The Siege of Hull —
Skipton Castle —
Advance of the Duke of Norfolk —
Henry's Instructions to Norfolk —
Lancaster Herald at Pomfret —
Lord Northumberland —
Doncaster —
The Doncaster Articles —
The Conference on Doncaster Bridge —
The Advice of the Council —
Despatch of Heralds —
State of the North —
Proposal to betray Aske —
Rebel Council at York —
The Council of Pomfret —
The King's Second Commission —
Resolutions of the King —
The Council of York —
Aske goes to London —
Fresh Danger
|
Chapter XIV |
The Commission of Cardinal Pole |
James the Fifth —
Reginald Pole made a Cardinal —
The Mission into Flanders —
The Credentials —
State of the North of England —
Sir Francis Bigod —
Second Insurrection —
Failures at Scarborough and Hull —
Arrival of the Duke of Norfolk —
The Rebels attack Carlisle —
Martial Law —
Pole arrives in France —
He is dismissed into the Netherlands —
He retires to Liege —
Arrests in England —
Aske, Darcy, and Constable —
Trials of the Prisoners —
Executions —
Aske and Constable —
Death of Aske —
The Children of Benjamin —
Pole at Liege —
Michael Throgmorton —
Letter of Cromwell to Michael Throgmorton —
Illustrative Sketches of the Time —
The Sacraments —
The Bishop's Book —
Address of the King —
State of the Navy —
Piracy in the Channel —
Battle in Falmouth Harbour —
Outrages of Foreign Cruisers —
Equipment of a Fleet —
Action in the Downs —
English Successes —
Survey of the Coasts —
The Revenue —
Ill-health of the King —
Birth of the Prince of Wales —
Death of the Queen —
Anxiety for the Prince —
Creation of Peers —
Proposal of a New Marriage
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Chapter XV |
The Exeter Conspiracy |
The European Powers —
England and the Empire —
Mission of Sir Thomas Wyatt —
The Princess Mary —
The Duchess of Milan —
Interchange of Alliance —
Doubts and Warnings —
The Pacification of Nice —
Doctor Bonner —
The Religious Houses —
Voluntary Surrenders —
Images and Belies —
Friar Forest —
Novel Law of Heresy —
Oderfel Gadern —
The Shrines —
St. Thomas of Canterbury —
The King's Marriage —
The Pope issues the Censures —
Pole's Second Mission —
England and Flanders —
Pole's Apology —
Irish Overtures to the Papacy —
Contemplated Invasion of Ireland —
The English Lords —
Renewed Agitations —
The Marquis of Exeter —
The Banner of St Kevern —
The Cornish Conspiracy —
Arrest of Holland —
The Poles —
Lady Salisbury —
Circular to the Justices of the Peace —
Westminster Hall —
Lord Montague —
Sir Edward Neville —
Executions for Treason —
Testimony of Events —
England and the Lutherans —
The Landgrave of Hesse —
Prosecution of Lambert —
Lambert dies at the Stake —
Cromwell's Opinion of the Sentence —
Reginald Pole in Spain —
Rumour of the intended Invasion —
The Flemish Fleet —
Reports from Spain —
The King at Dover —
The Uncertainty —
The Fleet in Flanders disperses —
Despair of Pole —
He is alarmed for the Emperor —
The Muster in London
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Chapter XVI |
The Six Articles |
Religious Tolerance —
Spirit of Persecution —
State of Parties —
The Privy Council —
The Prospects of Cromwell —
Appeal of the King to his Subjects —
General Pardon —
Difficulties of Protestantism —
Marriage of the Clergy —
An Execution at Ipswich —
General Election —
Meeting of Parliament —
Religious Differences —
Proposals for Union —
Attainder of the Poles —
The Six Articles —
Act of Proclamations —
Royal Address —
Dissolution of the Monasteries —
Extension of the Episcopate —
Approbation of England —
Protest of Melancthon —
Moderation of the King —
Development of the Statute —
Second Pardon —
The Vicar of Stepney —
Henry and Prince Edward —
The English Criminal Law —
The Welsh Marches —
Address to the Justices of the Peace —
Issue of Special Commissions —
The Three Abbots —
The Abbot of Glastonbury
|
Chapter XVII |
Anne of Cleves, and the Fall of Cromwell |
Anne of Cleves . —
Cromwell and the Peers —
Position of Cromwell —
Cromwell and Gardiner —
Cromwell and the Bishops —
The Protestants —
Prosecution of Dr. Watts —
The Emperor comes to Paris —
Reginald Pole —
The Emperor at Paris —
An English Traitor —
Interview with Sir Thomas Wyatt —
Anne of Cleves lands in England —
The King's Sensations —
Arrival of Anne at Greenwich —
Reluctance of Henry —
Completion of the Marriage —
Protestant Controversy —
Attitude of the Emperor —
Failure of Cromwell's Foreign Policy —
Approach of the Crisis — $
Meeting of Parliament —
Cromwell's Opening Speech —
The Calm before the Storm —
Progress of ordinary Legislation —
A Subsidy Bill —
Attainders of Romanists —
The King's Marriage —
Hints of a Divorce . —
The Fall of Cromwell —
Intercession of Cranmer —
The Attainder —
The Six Articles —
The King's Statement —
Judgment of Convocation — S
Communication with the Duke —
Opinion of Foreign Powers —
Committee of Religion —
The Calais Conspirators —
Attainder of three Protestants —
Parliament is Dissolved —
The Fall of Cromwell —
His Prayer on the Scaffold —
Character of Cromwell
|
Chapter XVIII |
Scotland and Ireland |
Outlines of Scottish Character —
English Failures in Attempts at Conquest —
Rivalry of the Two Nations —
Effects of Flodden —
The Duke of Albany —
Feuds of the Nobles —
The Queen-Mother —
Renewed War with England —
Overtures of Henry —
English and French Factions —
Albany returns from France —
War on the Borders —
Cowardice of the Regent —
Final Departure of Albany —
Intrigues of Margaret —
Return of the Earl of Angus —
Conspiracies among the Lords —
Profligacy of the Queen-Mother —
Angus in Edinburgh —
Danger of Civil War —
Compromise of Parties —
The English Treaty —
Anarchy —
Overthrow of Angus —
Character of James the Fifth —
He inclines to the Papacy, and quarrels with England —
Suggestion of an Interview between the Kings —
Weakness of the King —
The intended Interview is relinquished —
James marries a French Princess —
James returns to Scotland —
Persecution of the Douglases —
Mary of Guise —
The Catholic Coalition —
Mission of Sir Ralph Sadler —
The Scotch Protestants —
The Birth of John Knox —
Patrick Hamilton —
Alexander Ferrier —
Persecution —
State of Ireland —
Death of Sir William Skeffington —
Unfavourable Prospects —
Expedition into the West —
O'Brien's Bridge —
Carrigogonnell —
The Deputy and the Council —
Pretensions of the Irish Convocation —
Admonitions of the King . —
Archbishop Brown —
Errors of the Deputy —
Despatch of Commissioners —
An Irish Outrage —
Judgment of Sir John Allen —
Reports of the Commissioners —
Irish Leanings of the Deputy —
Quarrels among the Bishops —
Recover}' of the Irish Faction —
Remonstrances of Ormond —
Lady Eleanor Fitzgerald —
The Deputy visits Connaught —
Contradictory Accounts of it —
The King's Rebuke —
Outward Reconciliation —
Rising of the Clans —
Defeat of O'Neil —
Fresh Dissensions —
The Deputy becomes Irish —
He is sent to the Tower —
The Indictment —
The Five Points —
Execution of Grey —
A New Deputy
|
Chapter XIX |
Solway Moss |
Effect of the Death of Cromwell —
The King marries Catherine Howard —
England, France, and the Empire —
English Refugees on the Continent —
Disputes with France —
The Treaty of Moor Park —
Intricate Money Claims —
The Milan Difficulty —
Wallop and Wyatt accused of Treason —
They are acquitted —
Rising of Sir John Neville —
The Countess of Salisbury —
LordDacres —
The Progress into Yorkshire —
Catherine Howard —
Opening of Parliament —
The Chancellor's Speech —
Prosecution of the Queen —
Petition of the Houses to the King. —
The Queen is attainted —
Execution of the Queen —
Symmetry of Misfortune —
Act against Witchcraft —
Sanctuary Laws —
Question of Privilege —
Case of Ferrars —
Condition of England —
France and Turkey —
Probabilities of War —
Expedition against Algiers —
Surprise of Marano —
France and Venice —
England and the Empire —
The Orleans Marriage —
The Debt of England —
Piracy in the Channel —
French Overtures to England —
The two Alliances, and their respective Advantages —
Expectation of War —
Debt and Repudiation —
Invasion of the Low Countries —
Supposed Irritation of the Emperor against the Pope —
Failures of the French —
Defeat of Ferdinand by the Turks —
Scottish Difficulties —
Halydon Rigg —
France and England —
English Manifesto —
War with Scotland —
Intrigue of Beton against the Lords —
The Gathering of Lochmaben —
Invasion of Cumberland —
Solway Moss —
Murder of an English Herald —
Death of James the Fifth
|
Chapter XX |
The French War |
The European Powers —
Effects of the Defeat at Solway —
The Scots sue for Peace —
Imprisonment of Beton —
Prospect of Union with England —
The Murder of Somerset Herald —
Overtures of Henry —
Return of the Solway Prisoners —
Agitation in France —
Preparations to maintain the Cardinal —
Regency of the Earl of Arran —
Objections to the English Conditions —
Arran and Beton —
Character of Beton —
Meeting of the Scottish Parliament —
Terms on which they will consent to Union —
Toleration of the Protestants —
Third Mission of Sir Ralph Sadler —
Temper of Parties —
Mary of Guise —
Release of Beton —
Diplomatic Refinements —
Disposition of the Regent —
Faction and Uncertainty —
Propositions of England —
Gathering of the War Party —
Struggles of the Two Parties —
Second Message from England —
Efforts of the Peace Party —
Terms of the Treaties —
A French Fleet on the Coast of Scotland —
Menaces of the Clergy —
Defeat of the French Fleet —
The Queen is carried off —
Despair of Sir Ralph Sadler —
The Treaties are ratified —
The Regent joins Beton —
The French Faction triumph —
Rupture with England —
A Legate arrives from Rome —
Conduct of the Scottish Lords —
Progress of Reaction —
Message of Henry the Eighth to the Scottish Parliament —
Rival Factions in London and Paris —
The Earl of Surrey —
Piracy in the Channel —
League with the Empire —
Effect upon Europe —
Alarm of Francis —
Overtures to England —
Attitude of Germany —
Interview of the Emperor -with the Pope —
English Demands on France —
Assistance is sent to the Regent —
A Passage at Arms —
Progress of the War —
Confusion of Parties —
The Emperor enters Germany, and summons Duren —
Panic in Gueldres —
Submission of the Duke of Cleves —
The Emperor repairs to Flanders, and joins the Army —
Operations before Landrecy —
Retreat of the French —
Plans for the ensuing Year —
Intended Invasion of France
|
Chapter XXI |
The Peace of Crêpy |
The English Bible —
Intrigue against Cranmer —
Persecution at Windsor —
Displeasure of the King —
Revision of the- Persecuting Act —
Expectations from the Emperor —
Money is voted for the War —
Act of Succession —
The Scottish Line —
Administration of Beton —
Persecution at Perth —
The Protestants of Perth —
Parties among the Lords —
The Earl of Lennox —
Preparations for Invasion —
Attitude of the Emperor —
Intentions of Henry —
League with the Lords —
Distrust of Angus —
Instructions to Lord Hertford —
Conspiracies against Beton —
Invasion of Scotland —
Burning of Edinburgh —
The English retire —
French Attempts to break the League —
Preparations for the War —
Meeting of the Gorman Diet —
Opening of the Session —
The Catholics and Protestants —
Mediation of the Emperor —
Protest of the Catholics —
Henry's Plan of a Campaign —
Not accepted by the Emperor —
Remonstrances of Henry —
Necessity for the Reduction of Boulogne and Monatreul —
Treachery of Landenberg —
The Campaign opens —
Siege of St. Dizier —
French Intrigues —
The Emperor and his Minister —
Perplexity of Henry —
Surrender of St Dizier —
Secret Overtures to the Emperor —
Mission of the Bishop of Arras —
Fall of Boulogne —
The Emperor makes Peace —
Conjectural Interpretations of the Emperor's Conduct —
The Pope's Warning —
Probable Effect on the Emperor —
The Siege of Monstreul is raised —
Danger of Boulogne —
Night Attack —
The French retreat —
The Conference at Calais —
The Conference dissolves ineffectually —
Demands upon »he Emperor —
Embassy to Brussels —
Correspondence with Germany —
Letter of Gardiner to Arras —
The Ambassadors visit Charles —
Interview of the Ambassadors with the Emperor —
England and Germany
|
Chapter XXII |
The Invasion |
Expenses of the War —
A Benevolence —
Alderman Reed —
Energy in France —
Siege of Boulogne —
Defeat of De Biez —
Ancram Muir —
Differences with the Empire —
Rights of Neutrals —
Distrust of the Emperor —
Prospects of the German League —
Opposition of the Elector —
Isolation and Danger of England —
Paget goes to Brussels —
Interview with the Emperor —
Mystery and Duplicity —
Lamentations of Paget —
The Council of Trent —
The Diet of Worm —
A Franciscan Sermon —
The German League again fails —
Preparations for the War —
The Fleet at Portsmouth —
Demonstrations of Loyalty —
The Gathering at Spithead —
The Invasion —
The French at St Helen's —
Loss of the Mary Rose —
The French land 'in the Isle of Wight —
Council of War —
Proposal to occupy the Isle of Wight —
Skirmish at Shanklin —
Letter of Lord Lisle to the King —
Proposal to run down the French —
Action off Shoreham —
The Plague in the French Fleet —
Attack on Treport —
Inroads into Scotland —
Attack on the Calais Pale —
England and the Empire —
Protests of the English Council —
Arrests and Reprisals —
Change of Tone —
The Emperor desires Reconciliation —
Meditated Treachery —
Prospects of Peace —
Conference at Brussels —
The Protestants at Calais —
Bruno and Sturmias —
Secret Proposals —
Female Intrigues —
How the French Terms originated —
Sir William Paget —
Renewal of the War —
Vacillation of the German! —
The Closing Conference —
Conditions of Peace —
Financial Position of England —
Paget urges the Acceptance of Terms —
Peace is concluded —
George Wishart —
Misgivings of Beton —
Murder of Beton —
Effect of his Death-
|
Chapter XXIII |
The Death of Henry VIII. |
Effect of the War on England —
Progress of Internal Reformation —
Publication of the Litany —
An English Prayer Book —
Dissatisfaction of the Fanatics —
The Dissolution of Chantries —
A fresh Attempt at a Heresy Bill —
The King's last Speech in Parliament .449
Measures of the Persecutors — ?
The Inquisition in London —
Examination of Latimer —
Legend of the Attack upon the Queen —
Anne Ascue —
Tendencies of the King —
Fresh Offers to the Germans —
Final Decay of the King's Health —
Prospects of the Kingdom —
The Earl of Surrey —
Depositions of Witnesses —
Objects of the Conspiracy —
The Duke of Norfolk —
Death of the King —
The Will of Henry the Eighth —
Concluding Summary —
Character of Henry the Eighth
|
Chapter XXIV |
The Protectorate |
Last Directions of Henry —
The Ambition of the Earl of Hertford —
The Council in Session at the Tower —
Hertford is made Protector —
Proposal for an Increase of the Peerage —
The Peers to be created —
The Crown Debts —
The Bishops take fresh Oaths —
Troubles of the Lord Chancellor —
The Protector enlarges his Power —
And forms large Schemes —
State of Europe —
The Council of Trent —
The Council opens —
The Holy League —
War in Germany —
Dissensions among the Protestants —
Death of Henry VIII —
The Emperor will not invade England —
The Councils breaks up —
Opinions of Paget on the State of Europe —
Chances of War with France —
Fortifications at Boulogne —
England, Scotland, and France —
The Castle of St. Andrews —
Views of Somerset on Scotland —
Progress of Protestantism —
The Advice of Gardiner —
Protestant Excesses —
The Purification of the Churches —
General Visitation —
The Battle of Muhlberg —
The Fall of St Andrews —
War with Scotland —
Projected Invasion —
The Commissariat —
The Rising of Scotland —
Somerset crosses the Border —
The March to Musselburgh —
Skirmish at Musselburgh —
Battle of Pinkie Cleugh —
Results of the Victory —
The Ecclesiastical Visitation —
Imprisonment of Bonner —
Gardiner remonstrates before the Council —
Gardiner is imprisoned, and appeals to the Protector —
Meeting of Parliament —
Repeal of despotic Statutes —
Legislation for the Church —
Petition of the Convocation —
Marriage of the Clergy —
Vagrancy Act —
Chantries and Colleges Act
|
Chapter XXV |
The Protectorate |
The Protector appeals to Scotland —
Alliance of France and Scotland —
Relations between France and England —
A French Army goes to Scotland —
The Convention of Haddington —
Siege of Haddington —
Differences between the French and Scots —
Assault of Haddington —
Repulse of the French —
Adventurers of the West —
Perils of England —
Diet of Augsburg —
Petition to the Pope —
State of Italy —
Breach between the Pope and the Emperor —
The Interim —
The Protestant Preachers —
Change of Opinion in England —
Letter of Calvin to the Protector —
The Protector must avoid Moderation —
Complaints against Gardiner —
He is required to preach before the Court —
The Sermon is delivered —
Gardiner is sent to the Tower —
Somerset House —
The Social Revolution —
The Currency —
Distress of the Poor —
The Creed of the Protestants —
Moral Consequences of the Reformation —
Landlord and Tenant —
Luxury and Misery —
The Enclosures Commission —
Petition of the Commons —
Lord Seymour of Sudleye —
Marriage with Catherine Parr —
Intrigues with the Lords —
The Pirates of the Channel —
The Prayer-Book —
Parliament meets —
The Fasts and the Fisheries —
The Real Presence —
Debate on the Real Presence —
Lord Seymour
|
Chapter XXVI |
Fall of the Protector |
General Waste and Extravagance —
Social Disorder —
French Intrigues —
Perils of the Nation —
Growth of Heresy —
The Humours and the Schemes of the Protector —
The Protector's Commissions —
Heresy Commission —
Enclosures Riots —
The Rising of the West —
The Barns of Crediton —
The Villagers of Clyst —
The Council and the Protector —
The Protector's Difficulty —
Demands of the Rebels —
Embarrassment of the Protector —
Advice of Paget —
The Protector will not act upon it —
Persecution of Bonner —
Lord Grey in Oxfordshire —
Siege of Exeter —
Skirmish at Fenington Bridge —
Advance of Lord Russell —
St. Mary's Clyst —
Defeat of the Rebels —
Relief of Exeter —
Sampford Courtenay —
Action at Sampford Courtenay —
Martial Law —
The Provost Marshal in Cornwall —
The Vicar of St. Thomas's —
The Rising in Norfolk —
Mousehold Hill —
The Council offer Pardon —
Defeat of Northampton —
The Earl of Warwick —
Danger of Warwick —
Duffindale —
End of the Rebellions —
The Council of Trent —
France and the Empire —
Boulogne in Danger —
The French attack Boulogne —
Losses of the English —
Results of the Administration of Somerset —
The Protector's Errors —
The Council resolve to protest —
Letter to the Emperor —
The Protector and the Council —
Letter of Russell and Herbert —
Character of Somerset —
He meditates Flight —
Close of the Protectorate —
The Expenses of the Rebellion —
The Currency
|
Chapter XXVII |
The Reformed Administration |
Bonner and Gardiner —
Expectations of a Change —
Appeal of Gardiner —
Measures of the Session —
Ecclesiastical Discipline —
Treatment of Somerset —
The French Wars —
Negotiations for Peace —
The French Terms —
Restoration of Boulogne —
The Gospel in England —
Effects of the Reformation —
Public Corruption —
Fraudulent Manufactures —
Sermon of Latimer on the State of England —
Lever on the State of England —
Signs of better Times —
Financial Difficulties —
The Currency —
Artificial Prices —
Joan Bocher —
Persecution and Toleration —
Death of Paul the Third —
Election of a Pope —
Election of Julius the Third —
Charles the Fifth and Germany —
The Edict in the Low Countries —
Refugees in England —
The Princess Mary's Mass —
Perils of the Nation —
Differences with France —
The Archbishop of Glasgow —
Animosity of the French Court —
Persecution of Gardiner —
Opinion of the Council on the Honour due to the Dead —
The Vestment Controversy —
Menaces of the Emperor —
Mary's Entry into London —
Danger of War —
The Point of Conscience —
Edward and the Bishops —
State of Italy —
France and the Empire —
Excommunication of Octavio Parnese —
War in Italy
|
Chapter XXVIII |
The Execution of the Duke of Somerset |
Anglo-French Alliance —
Betrothal of Edward to a French Princess —
Dr. Wotton and the Emperor —
The Emperor and the Lady Mary —
Menace of War with the Empire —
The Currency and the Rise of Prices —
The Coin is called down —
Fresh Issue of Base Money —
Second Fall of the Coin —
Proclamation of Prices —
Issue of a Pure Coin —
The Sweating Sickness —
Admonition to Repentance —
Suppression of Bishoprics —
Religion not Godliness —
The Lady Mary —
Intrigues of Somerset —
Somerset's Plot —
Palmer's Evidence —
Alarm of Somerset —
Trial of Somerset —
Conduct of Northumberland —
Execution of Somerset —
Conduct of Cranmer —
The Liturgy —
The London Hospitals —
Measures of Social Reform —
Statute of Usury —
Reform of the Treason Law —
State of Germany —
The Exile of the Preachers —
Duke Maurice —
The Council of Trent —
The Peace of Passau —
State of Ireland —
Sir Anthony St. Leger —
Ireland and the Reformation —
Sir Edward Bellingham —
Effects of Bellingham's Government —
Death of Bellingham —
Return of St. Leger —
The Irish Mint —
St. Leger and Religion —
St. Leger and Brereton —
Southern Survey —
Sir James Crofts —
The Irish Currency —
Irish Council of Trade —
Council of Trade at Dublin —
Artificial Famine
|
Chapter XXIX |
Northumberland's Conspiracy |
Effects of the Reformation . —
Character of Edward —
Opinions of Edward on the State of England —
Efforts of Cranmer —
Church Discipline —
The State of England —
The Antwerp Loans —
The Debts of the Crown —
State of Europe —
Probability of War between England and France —
Charles the Fifth —
Stukley's Story disclaimed —
Fresh Spoils of the Church —
Audit of the Public Accounts. . . . . . —
Ways and Means —
Parliament to meet —
General Election —
Convention of the Notables —
Distribution of Property during Edward's Minority —
The Council and the Crown Lands —
The Merchant Adventurers —
The Fellowship of Merchants and the Merchant Adventurers —
Sir Thomas Gresham —
A Subsidy —
John Knox and Northumberland —
Dissolution of Parliament —
Position of Northumberland —
The King grows worse —
Siege of Metz —
Charles dangerously 111 —
Proposed Mediation of England —
Northumberland's Hesitation —
France and the Empire —
The King's Death is expected —
Popular Feeling towards Mary —
Prospects of Northumberland —
The Succession —
Views of France —
French Ambassadors at Greenwich —
Three Marriages —
Northumberland matures his Plans —
He finds Difficulties —
He persuades Edward —
The King's "Device" —
Opposition of the Council, and of the Judges —
The Judges and the Letters Patent —
The Letters Patent are drawn and signed —
Conduct of Cranmer —
Cranmer signs at Edward's Entreaty —
Features in the King's Disease —
Doubtful Humour of the People —
Mary is warned to fly to Norfolk —
The King dies
|
Chapter XXX |
Queen Jane and Queen Mary |
Flight of Mary, contrary to the Advice of Renard —
The King's Death is concealed —
Lady Jane Grey —
Lady Jane at Sion House —
The Council accept her as Queen —
Edward's Death is acknowledged —
News from Mary, who writes to the Lords —
Letter of Mary —
Agitation in the Tower —
Guilford Dudley and the Crown —
Mary is required to submit —
Mary's Friends show themselves SO
The Duke's Dilemma —
Troops to be sent against Mary, which the Duke must lead —
The Duke leaves London —
Lord Pembroke —
Revolt of the Fleet and the Army —
Sunday during the Crisis —
Sandys preaches at Cambridge —
The Country and the Ultra-Protestants —
The French are invited to England —
The Council meet at Baynard's Castle —
Pembroke declares for Mary —
Lady Jane Grey in the Tower —
Proclamation of Mary —
Arrest of the Duke and of Dr. Sandys —
Burial of Edward —
The Queen's Marriage —
The Emperor and the Queen's Marriage —
The Emperor advises Caution —
Gardiner returns to the Council —
Conspirators sent to the Tower —
The Queen and Renard —
Intentions of Mary —
Mary enters London —
Advice of Renard —
Elizabeth —
Restoration of the Catholic Bishops —
General good Intention —
The Hot Gospeller —
The First Mass —
Quarrel among the Council —
Sermon at Paul's Cross —
Northumberland's Trial —
The Trials —
Northumberland under Sentence —
The Recantation —
Northumberland pleads for Mercy —
The Executions —
The Reaction —
The Queen recovers her Influence —
The Purging of Convocation —
Arrest of Latimer —
Conduct of Cranmer —
Arrest of Cranmer —
Reginald Pole —
Visit of Commendone to England —
England and the Papacy —
Philip is proposed for Mary —
Parties in England —
Humours of the Council —
Elizabeth and the Mass —
Lord Courtenay —
The Coronation —
The Spanish Marriage —
Composition of Parliament —
The Opening of the Session —
Preliminary Discussions —
Disposition of Parliament —
Debate in Convocation —
Opinion of Gardiner —
Opinion of Paget —
Impending Fate of Cranmer —
Petition of the Commons —
The Queen's Reply —
The Succession —
Menace of Rebellion —
The Queen is treacherous —
Her Fear of Elizabeth
|
Chapter XXXI |
The Spanish Marriage |
Conflict of Parties —
Advice of Pole —
The Marriage Articles —
The Queen in Haste —
Renard hesitates —
The Queen is resolute —
Arrival of Egmont —
Conclusion of the Treaty —
Alarm of France —
Conspiracy of the Opposition —
Plans of the Confederates —
Disaffection in Devonshire —
Carew at Exeter —
Order for Carew's Arrest —
Wyatt raises Kent —
Mary and Philip —
Flight of Suffolk —
The Duke of Norfolk sent to Rochester —
The Ambassador's Despatches —
Norfolk at Rochester —
The Londoners desert —
Storming of Cowling Castle —
Danger of the Court —
The Queen's Message to Wyatt —
Count Egmont departs —
The Queen at the Guildhall —
The Duke of Suffolk —
State of Coventry —
Suffolk and his Brother are taken Prisoners —
Wyatt at Southwark —
Distractions among the Council —
Wyatt crosses the Thames —
Wyatt marches on London —
The Night at Whitehall —
Wyatt at St. James's —
Wyatt and the Train-Bands —
Skirmish at Charing Cross —
Wyatt is taken —
The Queen's Revenge —
Lady Jane Grey —
Death of Suffolk —
Elizabeth —
Factions in the Council —
The Proxy Marriage —
Expectations of the Catholics —
Intended Scenes at Oxford —
Gardiner and the Protestants —
Creation of Catholic Peers —
The Refugees in France —
Perils of Elizabeth —
Elizabeth and the Tower —
Elizabeth writes to the Queen —
Letter of Elizabeth to the Queen —
Elizabeth is sent to the Tower —
Protest of the Lords —
Renard and Queen —
Meeting of Parliament —
The Marriage Bill —
Elizabeth in the Tower —
Execution of Wyatt —
Acquittal of Throgmorton —
The Succession —
Heresy Bills —
Gardiner presses the passing of the Heresy Bills —
The Heresy Bill is lost —
Quarrels in the Council —
Lord Howard and Chappelle —
Mary's Troubles —
Arrival of Philip —
Arrival of Philip at Southampton —
The Wet Bide to Winchester —
The Marriage —
War in Belgium —
The Emperor at Namur
|
Chapter XXXII |
Reconciliation with Rome |
Reconciliation with Rome —
Reginald Pole —
The Entry into London —
The Spaniards in London —
Philip desires to leave England —
Bonner's Articles —
Weakness of the Opposition —
Approaching Parliament —
The Elections —
The Roman Question —
Pole's Return —
The Journey —
The Salutation —
The Conception —
The Reunion —
Speech of Pole —
Parliament will accept Reconciliation —
St. Andrew's Day —
The Petition —
The Absolution —
Letter to the Pope —
Exultation at Rome —
Petition of the Clergy —
The Act of Reconciliation —
The Heresy Statutes are passed —
The Regency Bill —
Dissolution of Parliament —
The Catholic Reaction —
The Persecution —
The Legate's Injunctions —
Trial and Sentence of Hooper and Rogers —
Rogers is taken to Smithfield —
Hooper is sent to Gloucester —
Hooper at Gloucester —
Martyrdom of Hooper —
Hooper's Letter to his Friends —
Effect on the People —
A feeble Conspiracy —
Advice of Renard to Philip —
Advice of Renard
|
Chapter XXXIII |
The Martyrs |
Fresh Martyrdom —
Martyrdom of Hunter
Ferrars, Bishop of St. David's —
Pause in the Persecution —
Prospects of Peace —
The Queen's Confinement —
Litanies and Processions —
The Papacy —
Schemes of the Spaniards —
The Queen's Condition —
The Persecution —
Burning of Cardmaker —
The Child is not born —
Prospect of the Country —
Release of Elizabeth —
Mary and Elizabeth —
Intended Abdication of the Emperor —
Philip leaves England —
News of Philip —
Trial of Cranmer —
Ridley and Latimer —
The new Pope —
Death of Gardiner —
Meeting of Parliament —
The Restoration of First-fruits —
The Crown and the Annates —
The House of Commons —
The Queen's Disappointment —
Dissolution of Parliament —
The Queen's Despondency —
Correspondence with Philip —
Archbishop Cranmer —
The Legate's Letter —
The Recantation —
St, Mary's Church —
The Martyrdom —
The Stake
|
Chapter XXXIV |
Calais |
A Rendezvous for Malcontents —
The Dudley Conspiracy —
The Queen and the People —
The Persecution —
The Queen and the Lords —
The Refugees —
War in Italy —
Designs on Calais —
The Harvest again fails —
The Legate's Admonition —
Commission for the Persecution —
Bucer and Fagius —
Spirit of the Protestants —
Philip in England —
The Attempt at Scarborough —
Paul IV. and Pole —
St Quentin —
Peace with the Papacy —
A forced Loan —
Parliament again to meet —
Calais —
Guisnes —
Consultation of Parliament —
Parliament grants Money —
Defences of the Country —
National Despondency —
Pestilence —
The Martyrs —
Battle of Gravelines —
Prospects of General Peace —
The Calais Difficulty —
Mission of De Feria —
Elizabeth —
Death of Mary —
Character of Mary —
Results of the Reign —
Character of Pole —
Causes of the Persecution —
The Persecution and its Effects
|
The Reign of Elizabeth |
Chapter I |
|
Accession of Queen Elizabeth —
Popular Unanimity —
Death of Cardinal Pole —
Condition of the Finances —
Social Changes —
State of Parties —
Effect on the Nation of the Marian Persecution —
Creed of Elizabeth —
Mission of the Count de Feria —
Sir William Cecil —
The Privy Council at Hatfield —
Address of the Queen —
The Court removes to London —
Changes in the Council —
Proposals for Ecclesiastical Reform submitted to Cecil —
Opinion of Goodrich —
Final Resolution —
Revision of Edward's Prayer-book —
Anxiety of the Spanish Ambassador —
The Queen's Marriage —
The Conference at Cercamp —
Proposal for a Secret Peace with France —
Philip offers his Hand to Elizabeth —
The Coronation —
Opening of Parliament —
Elizabeth's Statesmen —
Speech from the Throne —
The Subsidy —
The Commons request the Queen to marry —
Answer of Elizabeth —
The Supremacy Bill —
Protest of Convocation against the Alteration of Religion —
Speech of the Archbishop of York —
Elizabeth declines to marry Philip —
National Defences and State of the Navy —
Calais —
Peace concluded with France —
Speeches in Parliament on the Supremacy Bill —
Reports of De Feria —
Lady Catherine Grey —
Theological Controversy at Westminster —
The Supremacy is reannexed to the Crown —
De Feria and Philip —
The Church of England —
Restoration of the English Prayer-book —
Embarrassment of Philip —
De Feria leaves England —
Lord Robert Dudley
|
Chapter II |
|
The Clergy and the Reformation —
The Bishops refuse the Oath of Supremacy —
Alvarez de Quadra, Bishop of Aquila, comes to England in the Place of De Feria . —
Letter of De Quadra to Philip —
The Queen's Suitors —
Remonstrances of Philip —
Relations with Scotland —
The Scotch Reformation —
John Knox —
Burning of Walter Milne —
Mary Stuart assumes the English Arms and Style —
Outbreak at Perth —
Knox preaches at St. Andrew's —
Destruction of the Abbeys —
The Scots apply to England for Help —
Proposed Marriage of the Earl of Arran and Elizabeth —
Cecil encourages the Scots —
Death of the King of France —
Designs of France upon the English Crown —
Dilemma of Elizabeth —
Letter of Knox —
The Scotch Protestants are dispersed —
Advice of Cecil to them —
Arguments for and against Interference in Scotland —
Sir Ralph Sadler is sent to the Border with Money —
The Earl of Arran in England —
Temper of the Scots —
Elizabeth, to humour the Spaniards, gives Hopes that she will marry the Archduke Charles of Austria —
Elizabeth and De Quadra —
The Crucifix is replaced in the Royal Chapel —
De Quadra's Opinion of the Queen —
The English Nobility in Favour of the Austrian Marriage —
Arran returns to Scotland —
Elizabeth threatens France —
Preparations for War —
Weakness of the Scotch Protestants —
Debate in the English Council —
Plan for a Union of the Crowns of England and Scotland —
Opinions of the Spanish Minister as to Elizabeth's Prospects —
Uncertainty in England —
Sir Nicholas Bacon declares against Interference —
Elizabeth determines to persevere, and the English Fleet sails for the Forth —
Letters of De Quadra —
Consecration of Archbishop Parker
|
Chapter III |
|
Difficulties of the Court of Spain —
Elizabeth again hesitates —
D'Oysel with the French Army invades Fife —
Influence of Cecil —
A French Fleet, going with Reinforcements to Leith, is lost in a Storm —
Admiral Winter arrives in the Forth —
The French Transports on the Coast of Fife are destroyed —
Escape of D'Oysel —
Philip proposes to send a Spanish Force into Scotland —
Conference at Berwick —
Fresh Alliance between Elizabeth and the Scotch Protestants —
Naval Preparations of England —
Despair of the Catholics —
De Quadra urges Philip to interfere in England —
The Conspiracy of Amboise —
Uncertain Humour of the Northern English Counties —
Mission of the Bishop of Valence —
The English Army enters Scotland —
Their cold Reception —
Skirmish at Leith —
An Armistice and fresh Efforts of Diplomacy —
Menaces of Philip —
Elizabeth refuses to recall her Troops —
Distrust of the Scots —
Situation of the French —
Siege of Leith —
Frauds in the English Army —
Unsuccessful Assault of Leith —
Despondency of Elizabeth —
Religious Disturbances in France —
Distress of the Garrison in Leith —
Cecil goes to Scotland —
Elizabeth and a Papal Nuncio —
Death of Mary of Lorraine —
Conference at Edinburgh —
The Treaty of Leith and the Departure of the French —
General Results of the War —
Position of the King of Spain
|
Chapter IV |
|
Return of Cecil to the Court —
Ecclesiastical Character of the Reformation in Scotland —
The Confession of Faith . —
Dissatisfaction in England —
The Scotch Estates request Elizabeth in Form to marry the Earl of Arran —
Cecil is out of Favour with Elizabeth —
He proposes to retire from the Public Service —
Relations between the Queen and Lord Robert Dudley —
Communication of Cecil to De Quadra —
Death of Lady Dudley —
Inquest at Cumnor —
Suspicion of Foul Play —
Subsequent Declaration of Lady Dudley's Half-Brother —
General Expectation that the Queen will marry Lord Robert Dudley —
Opinion of Lord Sussex —
Fresh Dangers from France —
Sir N. Throgmorton protests against the Dudley Marriage —
Death of Francis the Second —
Elizabeth declines the Earl of Arran —
Resentment of the Scots —
State of Parties in France —
Projected Catholic League —
Secret Advances through Sir Henry Sidney are made to the Spanish Ambassador —
The Queen and the Dudley Marriage —
Advice of Lord Paget —
The Queen of Scots and her Subjects —
Parties in Scotland —
Advances of Lord R. Dudley to the Spanish Ambassador —
Interview between Elizabeth and De Quadra —
The House of Lennox —
Elizabeth is invited to admit a Nuncio from the Pope —
Conditions on which Elizabeth will take Part in a General Council —
Tulip and Lord Robert Dudley —
Refusal to admit the Nuncio —
The Burning of St. Paul's —
A Water Party on the Thames —
Addresses of the Scots to Mary Stuart —
Lord James Stuart invites Elizabeth to recognize Mary Stuart as her Heir-Presumptive —
Mary Stuart refuses to ratify the Treaty of Edinburgh —
She prepares to return to Scotland —
Letter of Elizabeth to the Scotch Estates —
Mary Stuart sails from Calais —
Consequences expected from her Return
|
Chapter V |
|
Mary Stuart lands at Leith —
Her Welcome to Holyrood —
Interview with Knox —
The Scots agree to support her Claims on the English Succession —
Proposed Marriage of Mary Stuart with Lord Darnley —
Lady Catherine Grey is found to have been married secretly to Lord Hertford —
The Treaty of Edinburgh remains unratified —
Protestant Riots —
Suggestion of an Interview between the two Queens —
The Conference at Poissy —
The Huguenots at Paris —
Elizabeth and Lord Robert Dudley —
Apostasy of the King of Navarre —
Uncertain Attitude of Philip —
Lady Margaret Lennox —
The Duke of Guise —
The Massacre of Vassy —
Civil War in France —
Sir N. Throgmorton entreats Elizabeth to support the Huguenots —
The Bishop of Aquila and his Secretary —
Discovery of Catholic Intrigues in England —
The Recognition of the Queen of Scots —
Conspiracy of Arran and Bothwell —
Elizabeth desires the Interview with the Queen of Scots —
Opposition of Sir N. Bacon —
Probable Coalition of the Catholic Powers —
The Interview is abandoned —
The Laws against the Catholics are enforced more strictly —
The Civil War in France —
The Prince of Condé offers Havre to Elizabeth as the Price of Assistance —
Alliance between Elizabeth and Condi —
Want of Sincerity on both Sides —
The English occupy Havre —
Siege of Rouen —
Conspiracy of the Poles —
Elizabeth is attacked by Small-pox —
Philip requires Elizabeth to abstain from Interference in France —
Death of the King of Navarre, and the Fall of Rouen —
Condé takes the Field —
Unsuccessful Negotiation for Peace —
The Battle of Dreux —
Expedition of Mary Stuart to Inverness —
Battle of Corrichie Burn —
Mary Stuart again demands her Recognition
|
Chapter VI |
|
Reform of the English Currency —
Condition of England —
Character of Cecil —
Social Disorganization —
State of the Clergy —
Deans and Chapters —
Ruinous Condition of the Parish Churches —
Temper of the Country Clergy —
Difficulties of the Bishops —
The English Catholics apply to the Pope for Permission to attend the English Service —
The Request is Refused —
Sir N. Throgmorton is taken Prisoner by the Duke of Guise —
The English Catholics are threatened with Persecution . —
Meeting of Parliament —
Debate on the Succession —
Penal Laws against the Catholics —
Petition to the Queen to name a Successor —
Trial of Bonner —
Story of Chatelar —
Murder of the Duke of Guise —
Proposed Marriage between Mary Stuart and Don Carlos —
Elizabeth wishes her to marry Lord Robert Dudley —
Speech of the Queen in Parliament —
Proceedings of Convocation —
The Civil War in France is brought to an End —
Elizabeth refuses to evacuate Havre —
War with France —
Siege of Havre —
The Plague attacks the Garrison —
Surrender of Havre —
The Plague in London —
Philip consents to the Marriage between the Queen of Scots and Don Carlos —
Death of De Quadra —
The Marriage of the Queen of Scots with a safe Person is made a Condition of her Recognition —
Knox protests against her Marriage with a Catholic —
He sends Warning to Cecil —
Elizabeth again attempts to work on the Queen of Scots —
The Carlos Project cools — S
Relations between England and Spain
|
Chapter VII |
|
Ireland under Queen Mary —
Habits and Character of the People —
The especial Wretchedness of the Pale —
Report of 1559 —
The King of Spain declines the Advances of the Irish Chiefs —
The Scotch in Antrim —
The O'Neil and his Children —
Election of Shan O'Neil by Tanistry —
Schemes of Shan for the Ulster Sovereignty —
Philip again discourages an Irish Rebellion —
Loyalty of the Earl of Kildare —
Letter of Shan O'Neil to Elizabeth —
The English Government proposes to invade Ulster —
Shan carries off the Countess of Argyle —
Skirmish at Armagh —
Defeat of the Earl of Sussex —
Attempt to procure the Assassination of Shan —
Second Invasion of Ulster —
Shan goes to London —
Shan at the Court of Elizabeth —
Murder of the Baron of Dungannon —
Indentures between Shan and Elizabeth, and Return of Shan to Ireland —
Fresh Treachery of Sussex —
Shan again rebels —
The Countess —
Disageements between the Irish Council and the Earl of Sussex (4
Campaign in Ulster —
Irish Successes —
Second attempt to assassinate Shan —
Triumph of Shan —
Inquiry into the Disorders of the Pale —
Sir Nicholas Arnold —
Desolation of Munster
|
Chapter VIII |
|
War with France —
Negotiations for Peace —
The Peace of Troyes —
Conspiracies to Murder Elizabeth —
Defences of England —
The French Embassy at Bekesbourne —
Improved Relations with Spain —
The Succession —
Mary Stuart and Lord Robert Dudley —
The Earl of Bothwell —
Mary Stuart prefers Darnley —
Elizabeth urges Lord Robert —
Book of John Hales on the Succession —
Objections to Darnley in Scotland —
Guzman De Silva comes to England —
Reception of De Silva at the Court —
A Party at Richmond —
The Dudley Marriage —
Elizabeth at Cambridge —
Disorders in the Church —
Fresh Thoughts of the Archduke Charles —
Sir James Melville —
Lord Robert Dudley is created Earl of Leicester —
Delay of Parliament —
Mary Stuart's Friends in England —
Conversation between Elizabeth and De —
The Scotch Succession —
Instructions to Bedford and Randolph —
State of Feeling in Scotland —
Conference at Berwick —
Final Demands of the Scots —
Reply of Cecil —
David Ritzio — -
AfFected Compliance of Mary Stuart —
Proposed Marriage between Elizabeth and the King of France —
Darnley goes to Scotland —
The Settlement of the Succession is postponed —
Discipline of the Church of England —
Marriage of the Clergy —
The Queen and the Bishops —
The Queen insists on the Observance of the Act of Uniformity —
The Queen at Paul's Cross —
Archbishop Parker remonstrates —
Ecclesiastical Commission at Lambeth —
Riots in London —
Letter of Parker to Cecil —
Alarm in Scotland —
Scene at the Market Cross at Edinburgh —
The Queen of Scots resolves to marry Darnley —
Approbation of Philip and the Duke of Alva —
Agitation at the English Court —
Attitude of Murray —
Sir Nicholas Throgmorton at Stirling —
Character of Darnley —
Probable Consequence of the Darnley Marriage —
Resolutions of Council —
A Game at Chess —
The Archduke again
|
Chapter IX |
|
State of Parties in Scotland —
Strength of Mary Stuart's Position —
Lennox and Darnley are ordered to return to England —
Elizabeth invites the Scotch Protestants to rebel, and promises to assist them . —
Measures in the General Assembly —
Renewed Promises of Support from England —
Randolph expostulates with Mary Stuart —
Lennox and Darnley throw off their Allegiance to Elizabeth —
Marriage of Mary Stuart and Darnley —
Mission^of Tamworth —
Irresolution of Elizabeth —
The Lords of the Congregation in Arms —
Mary Stuart takes the Field —
Retreat of the Lords —
Elizabeth determines to break her Promise —
The Archduke —
Marriage of Lady Mary Grey —
Debate in the English Council —
Resolution not to interfere in Scotland —
The Lords of the Congregation at Dumfries —
Flight of the Lords into England —
Remonstrance of the Earl of Bedford —
Murray goes to London —
Reception of Murray by the Queen —
Private Protest of Murray —
Letter of Elizabeth to Mary Stuart —
Questionable Instructions to Randolph —
Anticipated Consequence of Elizabeth's Conduct —
Resentment of Argyle —
Advice of Sir N. Throgmorton to Mary Stuart —
Mischievous Influence of Ritzio —
Mary Stuart applies for Help to Philip —
Philip communicates with the Pope —
Elizabeth begins to recover herself —
Catholic League in Europe —
Differences between Mary Stuart and her Husband —
The Crown Matrimonial —
Mary Stuart and Ritzio —
Divisions among the Scotch Protestants —
Conspiracy to murder Ritzio and restore Murray —
Randolph is expelled from Scotland —
Sketch of the Plot —
Intended Attainder of Murray —
The Queen's Rooms at Holyrood —
Murder of Ritzio —
Return of Murray —
Escape of Mary Stuart to Dunbar —
Return in Form to Edinburgh —
Flight of the Conspirators —
Letter of Morton and Ruthven to Cecil
|
Chapter X |
|
Popularity of Mary Stuart in England —
General Character of Elizabeth's Policy —
Prospects of the Queen of Scots —
Treachery of Darnley —
Argyle threatens to join Shan O'Neil —
A Spy at Holyrood —
Letter of Elizabeth to the Queen of Scots —
Birth of James Stuart —
The Archduke or Leicester —
Increasing Strength of Mary Stuart's Party —
Elizabeth visits Oxford —
Position of Darnley in Scotland —
Mary Stuart and Bothwell —
Intended Flight of Darnley to England —
The Scotch Council at Holyrood —
Meeting of the English Parliament —
The Bishops' Bill —
The Succession —
The Queen promises to marry —
The Queen and De Silva —
Parliament resolves to address the Queen on the Succession —
Presentation of the Address —
Reply of Elizabeth —
Irritation of the House of Commons —
Question of Privilege —
Remonstrance —
Speech of Mr. Dalton —
The Queen yields —
Subsidy Bill —
The Thirty-nine Articles —
De Silva and Elizabeth —
Proposed Covenant between the two Queens —
Close of the Session —
Speech of Elizabeth —
The Queen of Scots at Jedburgh —
Her dangerous Illness —
Differences with Darnley —
Consultation at Craigmillar —
Bond for the Destruction of Darnley —
Baptism of James, and Recall of Morton
Illness of Darnley at Glasgow —
Mary Stuart visits him —
Letter to Bothwell —
Plan of Kirk-a-Field —
Darnley is removed thither from Glasgow —
The last Night —
Murder of Darnley —
Effect on the Catholics in England
|
Chapter XI |
|
The English Army in Ireland —
Sir T. Stukely —
Irish Policy of the Tudor Sovereigns —
Projects for Irish Reform —
The Primacy —
Shan O'Neil defeats the Scots —
Invasion of Connaught —
Sir Henry Sidney appointed Deputy —
The Presidency of Munster —
Sidney lands in Ireland —
Shan O'Neil at Home —
Sidney demands Men and Money —
Anger and Hesitation of Elizabeth —
Alliance between O'Neil and Argyle —
Shan O'Neil writes for Assistance to France —
Sidney ineffectually demands his Recall —
Plan for a Campaign —
The Ormond and Desmond Controversy —
Troops are sent from England under Col. Edward Randolph —
Desmond refuses to join Shan —
The Antrim Scots —
Sidney invades Ulster —
Col. Randolph at Derry —
Success of Sidney —
Ill-humour of Elizabeth and Advice of Cecil —
Defeat of Shan and Death of Col. Randolph —
The Scots attack Shan —
Pestilence at Derry —
Final Ruin of the Settlement —
Shan's last Battle —
Death of Shan
|
Chapter XII |
|
English Sailors before the Sixteenth Century —
Voyage of John Cabot —
England and Spain —
First Expansion of the English Navy —
The Merchant Adventurers —
The African Slave Trade —
Foreign Trade at the Accession of Elizabeth —
Alarms and Comments of Cecil —
Decay of the Fisheries —
Foreign Fishermen in the English Waters —
Cecil's Fast —
English Gentlemen on the Coast —
The Channel Privateers —
English Outrages and Spanish Reprisals —
English Sailors and the Inquisition —
Petition of Dorothy Seeley —
Englishmen burnt in Spain —
Ill-usage of Englishmen in Spanish Prisons —
Exploit of Thomas Cobham —
Commissions to prey on Papists —
Privateers and Pirates —
The Channel and the Thames —
Piracy of English Men-of-War —
Arrest of English Ships in Spain —
The Ports of England closed against the Flemings —
Sufferings of English Prisoners —
Elizabeth attempts to repress Piracy —
The Pirates in Ireland —
Conference at Bruges —
The Negro Trade —
First Slaving Voyage of John Hawkins —
Second Voyage —
Profits of the Adventure —
Third Voyage —
Scene in Plymouth Harbour and last Protest of the Spanish Ambassador
|
Chapter XIII |
|
The Murder of Darnley —
Holyrood on the — th of February S
Reward offered for the Discovery of the Murderers . . —
Excitement in Edinburgh —
The Queen goes to Seton —
Lennox requires her to assemble the Nobility —
The Queen refuses —
Political Importance of the Murder —
Public Opinion in Paris —
Letter of the Spanish Ambassador in London —
Opinion in England —
Sir Henry Killegrew sent to Scotland —
Letter of Elizabeth to the Queen of Scots —
Reception of Killegrew at Holyrood —
History of the Conspiracy against Darnley —
Preparations for the Trial of Bothwell —
Rumour of the intended Marriage between the Queen and Bothwell —
Remonstrances of the Queen's Friends —
Bothwell makes Advances to Murray —
Murray leaves Scotland —
Murray in London —
Lennox petitions for a Postponement of the Trial —
The Petition is supported by Elizabeth —
Scene at Holyrood on the 12th of April —
The High Court of Justice —
Acquittal of Bothwell —
Meeting of the Scottish Parliament —
Ainslie's Supper —
The Lords apply to Elizabeth —
Letter from Grange to Cecil —
Second Letter of Elizabeth to the Queen of Scots —
Difficulties in Bothwell's Position —
Conspiracy to carry off the Queen —
The Queen at Stirling —
Bothwell carries the Queen to Dunbar —
Combination of the Lords —
Application to Elizabeth —
Bothwell divorced from his Wife —
Bothwell and the Queen return to Edinburgh —
The Queen marries Bothwell —
Coldness of France towards the Queen —
The Bishop of Dunblane is sent to Paris —
Resolution of the Lords to seize Bothwell —
Borthwick Castle —
Ballad on the Murder of Darnley —
Bothwell and the Queen advance on Edinburgh —
Carberry Hill —
Flight of Bothwell and Capture of the Queen —
Conversation between Maitland and Du Croc —
The Queen refuses to abandon Bothwell —
Proposal to kill the Queen —
Lochleven Castle —
Proclamation of the Lords
|
Chapter XIV |
|
Mission of De Villeroy —
Elizabeth declares against the Lords —
Sir Nicholas Throgmorton is sent to Scotland —
Elizabeth promises to help the Queen —
Hamilton and Stuart Factions —
Statement of Sir James Balfour —
Seizure of the Casket Letters —
Effect of the Discovery —
Difference of Opinion between Elizabeth and her Council —
Arrival of Throgmorton at Edinburgh —
Danger of Mary Stuart —
Knox advises her Execution —
Maitland's Opinion of Elizabeth —
Elizabeth threatens to invade Scotland —
Return of Murray from France —
Conversation between Murray and the Spanish Ambassador —
Throgmorton demands the Release of the Queen —
The Lords propose to bring her to Trial —
The Queen abdicates —
Coronation of James VI —
Effect of Elizabeth's Interference —
Elizabeth in Correspondence with the Hamiltons —
The Hamiltons ready to consent to the Queen's Death —
Maitland and Throgmorton —
Advances of France to Murray —
Mary Stuart's Prison —
Interview between Murray and his Sister —
Murray Regent of Scotland —
Extreme Displeasure of Elizabeth —
She creates a Faction for the Queen —
Murray pacifies Scotland —
Grange goes in Pursuit of Bothwell, who escapes to Denmark —
The Regent on the Borders —
Puritans and Catholics —
Elizabeth's Marriage —
The Archduke Charles again —
Lord Sussex goes to Vienna —
Difficulties of Religion —
The Negotiation is suspended —
Catholic Reaction in England —
Philip II. expected in the Low Countries —
Elizabeth and Leicester —
The Archduke declines to come to England —
Death of Lady Catherine Grey —
Sussex threatens Leicester —
The Uncertainty of the Succession —
Letter of the Spanish Ambassador to Philip II —
Good Feeling of Philip towards Elizabeth
|
Chapter XV |
|
The Hamiltons make a Party for Mary Stuart —
Excellence of Murray's Government —
Reaction in Favour of the Queen —
The Craigmillar Bond —
Meeting of the Scotch Parliament —
Declaratory Act against the Queen —
George Douglas —
Plans for the Escape of the Queen —
The Queen leaves Lochleven —
The Gathering at Hamilton —
Elizabeth proposes to mediate —
Letter of Elizabeth to the Queen of Scots —
Murray at Glasgow —
Langside —
Defeat of the Queen's Army —
Flight of Mary Stuart to the Solway —
Uncertainty as to her future Course —
She crosses to England —
Reception in Cumberland —
Perplexity in Elizabeth's Council —
Mary Stuart at Carlisle Castle —
She is placed in Charge of Sir Francis Knollys and Lord Scrope —
Knollys' Impression of Mary Stuart's Character —
Lord Herries and Lord Fleming go up to Elizabeth —
Elizabeth prohibits further Hostilities —
She declines to see the Queen of Scots —
Replenishment of Mary Stuart's Wardrobe —
Mary Stuart clamours to be heard —
Threatened Investigation into the Murder of Darnley . —
Fleming wishes to bribe^Cecil —
Elizabeth and Lord Herries —
Preparation for the Enquiry —
Removal of Mary Stuart to Bolton —
Elizabeth's Difficulties —
Plan for assimilating the Kirk to the Church of England —
Mary Stuart professes Conformity —
Religious Conferences with Sir F. Knollys —
The French expected in Scotland —
Letter of Lord Hemes to the English Council —
Intention of Elizabeth in the Enquiry into the Murder of Darnley —
Commission appointed to sit at York —
The Duke of Norfolk appointed President —
Proposed Marriage between Norfolk and Mary Stuart —
Opening of the Commission —
Insincerity of all Parties except Murray —
Conditions on which Murray will advance his Charges —
Attempt to hush up the Enquiry —
The Commission is transferred to London
|
Chapter XVI |
|
Piety and Dogmatic Theology —
Growth of the Principle of Toleration —
Religious Parties in France —
Calvinism —
Extinction of Protestantism in Spain —
State of the Low Countries —
Philip IL and Heresy —
Last Injunctions of Charles V —
The Regent Margaret —
Insurrection of the United Provinces against the Edicts —
The Duke of Alva arrives at Brussels —
Defeat of Count Louis of Jemmingen —
Lutheran Tendencies of Elizabeth —
Scene in the Streets of London —
The Privateers —
Expulsion of the English Ambassador from Spain —
Don Guerau de Espes —
Cardinal Chatillon is received in England —
Mary Stuart's Suitors —
Resumption of the Enquiry into the Murder of Darnley —
Mary Stuart endeavours to stifle it —
The Conference at Westminster —
Murray accuses the Queen —
Protests of the Queen's Commissioners —
Murray produces the Casket Letters —
The English Nobles pronounce them Genuine —
Elizabeth advises the Queen of Scots to confirm her abdication —
Advice of Sir Francis Knollys —
Gloomy Prospects of the Protestants on the Continent . —
Toleration —
Relations between Elizabeth and the Huguenots —
Expedition of Sir John Hawkins to the Spanish Main —
Destruction of the English Squadron at St. Jean de Luz —
Spanish Treasure Ships in the English Harbours —
Letter of Sir Arthur Champernowne —
The Treasure is seized —
Arrest of English Ships in the Low Countries —
Probability of War with Spain —
The Queen of Scots' Friends meditate Insurrection . —
Differences of Opinion among the English Catholics —
Arrest of the Spanish Ambassador —
Factions in Elizabeth's Council —
The Queen of Scots refuses to repeat her Abdication . —
The Bishop of Ely —
Plot to murder Murray —
Lord Arundel works upon Elizabeth —
Close of the Enquiry —
Indignation of Sir F. Knollys —
General Remarks on the Evidence against the Queen of Scots —
Private Opinion of the Bishop of Ross
|
Chapter XVII |
|
Catholic Reaction in England —
Review of the Condition of the Realm by Sir Wm. Cecil —
Policy recommended by Cecil to the Queen —
Discontent of the English Aristocracy —
Philip adopts unwillingly the Cause of the Queen of Scots —
Description of Parties in England by Don Guerau —
Conflicting Schemes in Favour of Mary Stuart —
Proposed Marriage between Mary Stuart and the Duke of Norfolk —
Conversation between Norfolk and Murray —
Part of the Council in Favour of the Marriage —
Double Dealing of Norfolk —
Trade opened with Hamburgh —
English Rovers under the Flag of the Prince of Conde —
The Queen of Scots placed in Charge of Lord Shrewsbury —
Danger of War with France —
England protected by Spun —
Irritation of Elizabeth against Cecil —
Death of the Prince of Condé —
Arundel and Norfolk conspire against Cecil —
Intended Rebellion —
France and Spain —
The Norfolk Marriage —
Plan to destroy Cecil —
Cecil separates Norfolk from the Catholic Lords —
Proposals for Mary Stuart's Restoration —
Pretended Illness of Mary Stuart —
The Council communicate with her about her Marriage with Norfolk —
Her Answer —
Difficulties in Scotland —
Elizabeth determines to restore her —
Capture of Paris the Page —
The Lords of Scotland refuse to receive the Queen —
The Catholic Nobility in England prepare to rebel —
They are rejoined by Norfolk —
Vote of the Council in Favour of Mary Stuart's Succession —
Elizabeth removes to Richmond —
Norfolk fears to ask her to consent to his Marriage with the Queen of Scots —
Letter of Don Guerau to Alva —
Elizabeth forbids the Marriage —
Norfolk leaves the Court —
Mary Stuart urges him to take Arms —
He retires to Framlingham —
Seizure of the Queen of Scots' Papers —
The Duke of Norfolk being summoned to the Queen's Presence, after some Hesitation obeys —
He is arrested and committed to the Tower —
|
Chapter XVIII |
|
Fresh Uncertainties about the Queen of Scots —
Resolution to hold her a Prisoner —
Investigation into the Conspiracy —
Norfolk promises to think no more of the Queen of Scots —
Temper of the Northern Counties —
Christofer Norton at Bolton Castle —
The intended Rebellion disconcerted —
Council at Topcliff —
Chapin Vitelli comes to England —
Enforcement of the Act of Uniformity —
Proposal to seize York —
The Earls of Westmoreland and Northumberland —
Outbreak of the Insurrection —
The Gathering at Raby —
Mass in Durham Cathedral —
Lord Sussex at York —
The Earls march for Tutbury to release the Queen of Scots —
Preparations of Alva —
She is carried to Coventry —
The Southern Counties remain quiet, and the Earls retire —
Universal Disloyalty in Yorkshire —
Elizabeth raises an Army —
The Earl of Westmoreland takes Barncastle —
The Queen's Forces arrive at Doncaster —
The Earls fly to Scotland —
Conversation between Elizabeth and La Mothe Fénelon . —
The Spaniards seek a Reconciliation with her —
Causes of the Failure of the Rebellion —
Address of the Gentlemen of Lincolnshire to Philip II —
Murray and Maitland of Lidington —
Arrest of Maitland —
Capture of the Earl of Northumberland —
The Earl of Westmoreland at Jedburgh —
Elizabeth demands the Extradition of the Rebels —
Lord Hunsdon's Opinion of her Conduct —
Punishment of the Insurgents —
The Sufferers chiefly the least guilty —
Extreme Severity towards the poorer Classes —
Principles of English Justice —
Sir Robert Constable employed to entrap the Earl of Westmoreland —
Murray's Position in Scotland —
The Hamilton* conspire to kill him —
Bothwellhauph and his Brothers —
Murder of Murray at Linlithgow —
Character of Murray —
Feeling in Scotland —
Leonard Dacres at Naworth —
Battle on the Gelt River, and Flight of Dacres —
Letter from Elizabeth to Lord Hunsdon
|
Chapter XIX |
|
Situation of the European Powers —
Good Fortune of Elizabeth —
The New and the Old Creed in England —
Manifesto of Elizabeth to the English Nation —
Sense in which the Queen was Head of the Church —
The Pope determines to excommunicate Elizabeth —
Letter of the Pope to the Earls of Westmoreland and Northumberland —
Plans for the Escape of the Queen of Scots —
Reply of Elizabeth to the demands of France for the Queen of Scots' Release —
State of Parties in France —
Elizabeth's Intentions towards the Queen of Scots —
Change in the Scotch Character produced by the Reformation —
Funeral of the Regent Murray —
Randolph at Edinburgh —
Unwillingness of Elizabeth to support the Scotch Protestants —
The Catholic Refugees —
Maitland of Lidington —
Maitland and Knox —
Letter of Maitland to Elizabeth —
The Catholic Nobles replaced in the English Council —
Catholic Convention at Linlithgow —
The Earl of Sussex invades Scotland —
The Harrying of the Border —
Correspondence of Mary Stuart with the Catholic Powers . —
Divisions among the Catholics in England —
Danger of War with France —
Letter of Elizabeth to the Earl of Sussex —
Morton insists on her declaring openly for King James . —
Negotiations for the Restoration of the Queen of Scots —
The Bishop of Ross —
Second Invasion of Scotland —
Destruction of Hamilton Castle —
Publication in London of the Bull of Excommunication —
Meeting of the Council —
Speech of Sir N. Bacon —
Speech of Lord Arundel —
Plans for a Rebellion in England —
Symptoms of Disaffection among the Catholic Nobles 70 Temper of Elizabeth —
Prospect of Peace in France —
The Earl of Lennox declared Regent of Scotland —
The Privateers in the Channel —
Reluctance of Philip to quarrel with England —
Opinions of Bacon and Cecil on the proposed Restoration of the Queen of Scots —
Arrest and Execution of Felton —
Seizure of Dr. Story at Antwerp —
Efforts of the English Catholics to rouse the Duke of Alva —
Alva refuses to move —
Intrigues of Maitland —
Correspondence between Maitland and Sussex —
Elizabeth seriously resolves to reinstate Mary Stuart —
Letter from Lady Lennox to Cecil —
Conditions of the Restoration —
Maitland at Blair Athol —
Cecil is sent down to Chatsworth —
The Norfolk Marriage
|
Chapter XX |
|
English Commerce in 1570 —
Protestantism and Privateering —
The Puritans —
Catholic Reaction —
The Church at Northampton —
Articles of Faith —
Thomas Cartwright at Cambridge —
Whitgift and High Anglicanism —
Cecil and Mary Stuart —
Peace in France —
Sir Francis Walsingham —
Parties in the French Court —
Suggestion of a Marriage between Elizabeth and the Duke of Anjou —
Review of the Situation by Cecil —
Cecil favours the Anjou Marriage —
Elizabeth opens the Question with the French Ambassador —
Debate in the Council —
Report of La Mothe Fénelon on Elizabeth's Private Character —
Conversation between Lord Buckhurst and Catherine de Medici —
Anxiety of Walsingham for the Marriage with Anjou138
Commission in London for the Restoration of the Queen of Scots —
Objections raised by Morton —
The Commission is suspended —
Mary Stuart determines to throw herself upon Spain —
Alva seeks a Reconciliation with Elizabeth —
Indignation of the Pope —
The Pope and the Spanish Ambassador at Rome —
The Bishop of Ross writes to the Duchess of Feria —
The Pope urges Philip to declare against Elizabeth . —
Ridolfi —
The Duke of Norfolk and the Catholic Conspiracy —
The Catholic Peers determine to petition Spain for Assistance —
Letter of the Spanish Ambassador to Philip —
Petition of the Queen of Scots —
Petition of the Duke of Norfolk —
Departure of Ridolfi —
Capture of Dumbarton Castle —
Execution of the Archbishop of St Andrew's
|
Chapter XXI |
|
Unwillingness of Elizabeth to encounter a Parliament . —
The Succession to the Crown —
Prospects of Mary Stuart —
Necessity that Parliament must meet —
Catholic Conspiracy to seize Elizabeth's Person —
Defeated through the Cowardice of the Duke of Norfolk —
Beginning of the Session —
Temper of the Lower House —
Collision between the Queen and the Commons —
Puritan Legislation —
The Thirty-nine Articles —
Marriage of the Clergy —
Bill for Attendance at the Communion —
Bill for the Protection of the Queen —
Act of Attainder against the Northern Insurgents —
A Subsidy —
The Parliament ends —
Ridolfi at Brussels —
Letter of Alva to Philip —
Elizabeth to be killed or captured —
Ridolfi sends Home a favourable Report —
His Messenger, Charles Baily, is taken at Dover —
Lord Cobham and the Bishop of Ross —
Cecil and his Instruments —
Charles Baily in the Marshalsea —
Intercepted Correspondence —
Baily is racked —
Confession of Baily —
Examination of the Bishop of Ross —
Execution of Dr. Story —
Relations between England and France —
The Anjou Marriage —
Religious Difficulties —
Insincerity of Elizabeth —
Leicester once more —
The Negotiation drops —
Advice of Cecil —
Count Louis at Paris —
Proposed League between France and England against Spain —
Mutual Distrust at the two Courts —
The Privateers —
Slave Market at Dover —
Mission of Sir Henry Cobham to Madrid —
The Duke of Feria —
Cold Reception of Cobham —
Ridolfi arrives at the Spanish Court —
Political Assassination —
Meeting of the Spanish Council —
The Nuncio —
Resolution to procure the Murder of Elizabeth —
Chapin Vitelli offers to kill her —
Orders sent to Alva to prepare to invade England —
Slowness of the Spanish Movements —
Sir John Hawkins pretends to be a Traitor —
He offers to desert to Spain with Part of the English Fleet —
He deceives the Queen of Scots —
He deceives Philip and learns the intended Invasion —
Letter of Hawkins to Cecil —
Political Treachery —
State of Scotland —
Catherine de Medici refuses Assistance to Mary Stuart's Friends —
Maitland works upon Elizabeth —
Sir William Drury is sent to Edinburgh —
Irritation of the Lords against England —
They divide into three Parties — French, Spanish, and English —
The Gathering at Stirling —
Attempted Surprise of Stirling —
Death of Lennox, and Regency of the Earl of Mar
|
Chapter XXII |
|
Preparations for Insurrection in England —
Suspicion cast upon the Duke of Norfolk —
Norfolk recommitted to the Tower —
His Secretaries are tortured —
The Ridolfi Secret is discovered —
Arrest of the Catholic Leaders —
The Bishop of Ross makes a full Confession —
Alva declines to move further —
The French Marriage —
The Due d'Alençon is proposed instead of Anjou —
Dangerous Trifling —
Resolution to try the Duke of Norfolk for High Treason —
The Spanish Ambassador is ordered to leave England —
Conspiracy of Berney and Mather —
Intended Murder of Cecil —
Arrest of the Conspirators —
The Catholic Refugees once more address Philip —
Philip, under Alva's Influence, will not help them —
Preparations for Norfolk's Trial —
Publication of Buchanan's "Detectio" —
The Duke at the Bar —
He is found Guilty and sentenced to die —
Unwillingness of Elizabeth to consent to his Execution —
Extreme Danger of her Position —
Mary Stuart attempts to work upon her —
Relaxation of Mary Stuait's Confinement —
Characteristic Letter to Elizabeth —
The Civil War in Scotland —
Elizabeth will not interfere —
Semper Eadem —
Battle of Lepanto —
Conference at Edinburgh Castle —
Proposals for a Compromise —
The Earl of Northumberland is given up to England Douglas of Lochleven —
Explosion of Catholic Fanaticism in Paris —
The Alençon Marriage —
Elizabeth uncertain as usual —
Treaty between England and France —
Meeting of Parliament —
Proposed Bill of Attainder against Mary Stuart —
The Bishops memorialize the Queen for her Execution —
Deputation from the two Houses —
The Queen refuses to consent —
Execution of the Duke of Norfolk —
Bill to cut off Mary Stuart from the Succession —
The Alençon Marriage —
The Privateers are ordered to leave the Channel —
Capture of Brille —
General Insurrection in Holland and Ireland —
Count Louis with the Huguenots takes Mons —
Huguenot Ascendancy at the French Court —
English Volunteers cross to Holland —
The Alençon Marriage —
Charles requests Elizabeth to join him in a War against Spain for the Liberation of the Low Countries —
Elizabeth secretly offers to betray Flushing to Alva —
Panic at the French Court, caused by Distrust of Elizabeth —
Letter of Cecil to Coligny —
The Queen of Scots at Sheffield —
Execution of the Earl of Northumberland
|
Chapter XXIII |
|
Catholic Reaction in Europe —
Parallel Growth of Calvinism —
Fanaticism in Paris —
The Relations of the French Court towards the Huguenots contingent on the Conduct of Elizabeth —
Marriage of the Princess Margaret with the King of Navarre —
Catherine de Medici determines to abandon the Huguenots —
Attempt to kill Coligny —
Catherine works upon the King's Terrors —
Conspiracy to murder the Huguenot Leaders —
The Massacre of St. Bartholomew —
The Causes of it —
Delight in Rome —
Effect in England —
Danger of the Queen of Scots —
Elizabeth prepares for War —
La Mothe Feénelon admitted to an Audience —
Attempted Excuses of the French Court —
Alva makes fresh Approaches to England —
Elizabeth resolves to accept his Advances —
Rage of the Catholic Refugees —
The English Volunteers are recalled from Zealand —
Distress of Philip —
The English Catholics pray him not to desert them —
Alva insists that their Prayer shall be refused —
Treaty between England and Spain —
Knox returns to Edinburgh —
Sermon on the Massacre —
Negotiation for the Surrender of the Queen of Scots to the Earl of Mar —
Sudden Death of Mar —
Cecil and Leicester urge Elizabeth to interfere in Scotland —
Sir H. Killegrew at Edinburgh —
Morton elected Regent —
Last Illness and Death of Knox —
Character of Knox —
The Civil War breaks out again —
Pacification of Perth —
Maitland and Grange refuse to submit —
Elizabeth is requested to assist in Reducing Edinburgh Castle —
After long Hesitation, she consents —
Preparation for the Siege —
Bombardment and Storming of the Castle —
Death of Maitland —
Execution of Grange, and Extinction of Mary Stuart's Party
|
Chapter XXIV |
|
Interval of Quiet in Ireland after the Death of Shan O'Neil —
Sketch of the Country and People by an Emissary of Philip the Second —
Effect of the Attempt to force the Reformation upon the Irish —
Tirlogh Lenogh Chief of the O'Neils —
The Irish Debt —
Plans for English Colonies —
The Earl of Desmond a Prisoner in London —
Proposal to partition Munster among a Party of English Gentlemen —
Intention of the Colonists to exterminate the Native Irish —
Quarrel between the Butlers and Sir Peter Carew —
Leage of the Irish Chiefs —
The Archbishop of Cashel goes to Spain to offer the Irish Crown to Philip —
Murder of the English Settlers in Cork —
Massacres and Counter-massacres —
Edward Tremayne in Ireland —
Sir H. Sidney overruns the South and West —
Quarrel with the House of Ormond —
Sir Humfrey Gilbert in Command at Kilmalloch —
Wholesale Slaughter of the Irish —
A Week's Service in Wicklow —
Enormous Cost of Ireland to the English Crown —
Sir Edward Fitton President of Connaught —
Fortunes of the Archbishop of Cashel in Spain —
Ireland a Fief of the See of Rome —
Complications of European Politics —
Sir Thomas Stukely at Madrid —
History of Stukely —
Two Parties among the Irish Catholics —
Intended Invasion of Ireland by the Spaniards —
Sir Henry Sidney resigns his Office —
Sir William Fitzwilliam Deputy —
Universal Disorder and Confusion —
Report of Tremayne —
Sir John Perrot President of Munster —
The Scots invade Limerick —
They are cut in Pieces by Perrot and the Butlers —
Results of Perrot's Government —
Elizabeth determines to conciliate the Irish —
Attempted English Settlement at Knockfergus —
Effect in Ireland of the Massacre of St. Bartholomew —
Cattle-driving in the Pale —
The Earl of Desmond is allowed to return to Ireland —
He is again imprisoned in Dublin —
Advice of Tremayne —
Walter Devereux, Earl of Essex, undertakes to occupy Part of Ulster at his own Charge —
Great Preparations —
Essex lands at Carrickfergus —
Bright Prospects soon overclouded —
Failure and Ruin —
Desmond escapes from Dublin —
General Prostration of the English Power in Ireland
|
Chapter XXV |
|
Development of the Character of Elizabeth —
Her Favourites —
The Bishop of Ely and Hatton Garden —
State of France —
Proposed Latitudinarian League —
Haarlem taken —
Exploits of Drake —
Alva in Favour of an English Alliance —
Treachery of English Officers in the Low Countries —
Recall of Alva —
Spanish Offers of Peace —
Battle of Mook Heath —
Melancholy Letter from the Prince of Orange —
State of Parties in England —
Philip II. refuses an Asylum to English Catholic Refugees —
Elizabeth promises to reconsider her Secession from the Church —
Burning of Anabaptists in England —
Story of Edward Woodshawe —
Siege of Leyden —
Sir Henry Cobham's Mission to Spain —
Debate in the Spanish Cabinet —
Philip's Answer to Cobham —
Position of the States —
Perplexity of the English Council —
Champagny's Mission —
Wentworth's Speech in Parliament —
Death of Requescens —
Treatment of St. Aldegonde by Elizabeth —
Her Anger with the Prince of Orange —
She meditates a Change of Policy —
Castelnau de Mauvissiere sent to England —
Duke of Alençon a Suitor to Elizabeth —
He joins La None and the Huguenots —
Unsatisfactory Peace signed at Paris with the Protestants —
The Catholics disregard it —
Ravages of Spanish Mutineers in the States —
The Seventeen Provinces unite against Spain in the Treaty of Ghent —
Arrival of Don John of Austria —
Mission of M. Schwegenhem to Elizabeth —
She refuses to assist the Protestants —
Effects of her Work —
Sir John Smith sent to Madrid —
His Interview with Archbishop Quiroga —
Liberty enjoyed by Mary Queen of Scots —
Margaret, Countess of Lennox —
Plots with Lady Shrewsbury —
Her Grandchild, Lady Arabella Stuart . —
Elizabeth will not see Treason —
Her Letter to Lord Shrewsbury —
Her Correspondence with Regent Morton —
Her Treatment of Bishops —
Archbishops Parker and Grindal —
The Spanish Troops evacuate Holland —
Don John intends to break the Treaty —
Fluctuations in Elizabeth's Policy —
Severities to Recusants . —
League with the States —
Story of Oxenham, the Rover —
Francis Drake sails from Plymouth —
Don John defeats the States' Army at Gemblours —
Their Indignation at Elizabeth's Want of Faith
|
Chapter XXVI |
|
Assassination of Escobedo —
Don Bernardino de Mendoza sent to England —
First Interview with Elizabeth —
She receives Count de Retz —
Alençon offers to assist the States —
Sir James Crofts bribed by Philip —
Elizabeth repudiates the Bonds which she had given to the States —
Distress of her Ministers —
The Regent Morton —
Resigns Regency —
Duke of Guise proposes to invade Scotland —
Mission of the Abbot of Dunfermline to Elizabeth —
She rejects the Scotch Proposals —
Will give no Money —
Philip Sidney declines to carry her Message to the States —
The States lose Patience —
The Battle of Rymenant gained for them by the English —
Elizabeth changes Policy again —
She receives the Burgundian Crown Jewels —
Closes her direct Dealings with the Netherlands —
Her last Matrimonial Adventure —
She invites Alençcon to visit her —
Death of Don John, Alexander of Parma becomes Regent —
Battle of Alcazar, and Death of Sebastian of Portugal —
Prosperity of England —
Audacity of the Pirates —
Alençon leaves the States —
M. Simier brings Elizabeth his Letter —
Opinions in England on the Marriage —
Demands of Alençon —
Leicester's Marriage to Lettice Knollys —
Alençon's Personal Appearance —
Pamphlet by John Stubbs —
General Dislike in England of the Alençon Marriage . —
Stubbs loses his Hand —
The Marriage Treaty suspended for two Months —
And then allowed to drop —
Cecil's Advice to the Queen —
Catholic Plot against England —
The Refugees at Rheims —
Meditated Jesuit Invasion —
The Missionaries of Disaffection
|
Chapter XXVII |
|
Relations between England and Ireland —
Cruel Effects of the Queen's Economy —
The Earl of Essex appointed Governor of Ulster —
Submission of Tirlogh Lenogh and Sir Phelim O'Neil —
Submission and Pardon of the Earl of Desmond —
Massacre of the O'Neils at Belfast —
Campaign of Essex in the North —
Murder of the Wives and Children of the Scotch Chiefs —
Sir Henry Sidney again made Deputy —
Progress of Sidney in Munster —
Granny O'Malley —
Ovations and Executions —
State of Religion in Ireland —
Catholic Revival —
Report of Sidney on the Established Church —
Execution of Justice in the South —
Sir Nicholas Malby at Athlone —
Revolt and Punishment of the Burkes —
Death of Essex —
Anarchy, temporal and spiritual —
Sir William Drury President of Munster —
Symptoms of Approaching Rebellion —
Dr. Nicholas Sanders —
Overtures to Spain for Interference in Ireland —
Coldness of Philip —
Sanders and James Fitzmaurice sail for Ireland with a Commission from the Pope —
They land at Dingle —
They call on the Earl of Desmond to join them —
Murder of English Officers at Tralee —
The Rising of the Geraldines —
Death of James Fitzmaurice —
Energy of Saunders —
Malby destroys Ashketyn —
Desmond declares for the Insurrection —
The Earl of Ormond commissioned to suppress it —
Supplies sent from England —
Ormond and Pelham take the Field —
Massacre of the People, and Capture of Carrigafoyle —
Invasion of Kerry, and Narrow Escape of Sanders —
Killarney in the Sixteenth Century —
Death of Sir James of Desmond —
Rising in the Pale —
Lord Grey de Wilton Deputy —
Defeat of the English in Glenmahire —
An Italian and Spanish Force lands in Kerry —
The Fort at Smerwick —
Divisions among the Irish —
The English Fleet ordered to Smerwick —
Lord Grey goes thither with the Army —
Bombardment and Capture of the Fort —
Execution of the Garrison —
Death of Sanders —
Collapse of the Rebellion —
English intended Clemency —
Executions on all Sides —
Despondency of Lord Grey —
General Despair and Cruelty —
Dress and Habits of an Irish Nobleman —
Executions in Dublin —
The Geraldines in the Forest —
Burghley's Censure on the English Barbarities —
Elizabeth desires to try Milder Methods —
Preparations for the Last Campaign —
Desmond refuses to submit —
Ormond marches into Kerry —
Catholic Ferocity —
Desmond a Wanderer in the Mountains —
Betrayed and killed —
Ulick and Shan Burke —
Arrest of Archbishop Hurley —
Who is tortured and hanged without Trial —
Grey succeeded by Sir John Perrot
|
Chapter XXVIII |
|
Esmé Stuart, Count d'Aubigny, sent by the Jesuits to Scotland —
Reorganisation of the French Faction at the Scotch Court —
Philip invited to assist the Catholics there —
Alarm of Elizabeth —
Danger of the Earl of Morton —
Elizabeth tempts Morton to commit Treason —
Changes her Mind too late • —
And when he fails, deserts him —
Arrest of Morton, and Confinement in Dumbarton Castle —
Charged with the Murder of Darnley —
Obligation of Elizabeth to protect him —
She remonstrates, threatens, and does Nothing —
Dexterity and Treachery of D'Aubigny —
Fresh Efforts to save Morton —
Final Resolution of the Queen not to interfere —
Trial and Sentence —
The Last Morning —
Death of Morton, and Victory of the Catholic Faction —
The Jesuit Invasion of England —
The Pope sanctions the Murder of Elizabeth —
Elizabeth's Tolerant Policy towards the Catholics —
Parsons and Campian —
Their Early History —
The Seminary at Rheims —
The English Mission resolved upon —
Difficulty in the Position of the English Catholics —
New Construction of the Bull of Pope Pius —
Agitation in the Court —
The Queen appeals to the Country —
Parsons and Campian land in England —
Reception in London —
Letter of Campian to the General of the Jesuits —
He challenges the Protestant Divines —
Arrest of the Jesuits —
Use of Torture —
Sufferings of the Catholics —
Priests in the Pay of Walsingham —
Exultation of Campian —
Meeting of Parliament —
Dispute between the Queen and the House of Commons —
Bill for the Repression of Treasonable Practices —
Complaint against the Anglican Bishops —
Lukewarmness of the Catholic Laity —
Campian publishes his "Ten Reasons" —
Lyford Grange —
Campian's Last Sermon —
His Capture —
Execution of Everard Harte —
Campian is tortured —
Six Catholic Noblemen promise Mendoza to take Arms —
Disputation in the Tower Chapel —
Trial of Campian and his Companions —
Execution of Campian, Sherwin and Bryant —
Reflections on the Treatment of the Jesuits —
Failure and Success of Persecution —
Burghley's "Execution of Justice" with Allen's Reply
|
Chapter XXIX |
|
The Alençon Marriage revived —
Early Life of Sir Francis Drake —
Portrait of Drake —
Preparations for the Great Voyage —
The Pelican sails from Plymouth —
Mr. Thomas Doughty —
Magellan's Straits —
Return of Captain Winter to England —
Valparaiso and Tarapaca —
Lima —
Pursuit and Capture of the Cacafuego —
Description of Drake and his Ship —
Two Spanish Cruisers fear to attack him —
He sails for California —
Agitation in Spain and England —
Anxiety of Philip to avoid a War —
Feeling in the City of London —
Convention between Mendoza and Elizabeth —
Drake searches for a North-eastern Passage —
Failing to find it, he returns by the Cape of Good Hope —
The Pelican on a Coral Reef —
Safe Arrival in England —
Mendoza demands the Restoration of the Plunder —
He is supported by Burghley and Sussex —
False Returns of the Bullion —
Favour of Drake with the Queen —
She determines to restore Nothing —
Alençon —
Spanish Conquest of Portugal —
Uneasiness of France and England —
Advice of Burghley —
The Crown of the Low Countries offered to Alençon —
Elizabeth promises to marry him —
Arrival of Alençon's Secretary —
Incredulity of Mendoza —
A French Embassy —
Conditional Marriage Treaty —
Manoeuvres to escape —
Irritation in Paris —
Likelihood of a Rupture with Spain —
Don Antonio the Portuguese Pretender —
Proposed Expedition to Terceira —
Walsingham is sent to Paris —
Elizabeth's Dilemma —
Misgivings of Walsingham —
She sends Alençon Money —
Hard Treatment of Don Antonio —
Remonstrances of Mendoza —
Final Refusal to restore Drake's Plunder —
Mendoza advises Philip to reconcile himself with Elizabeth —
Alençon again in England —
The Kiss at Greenwich —
Fresh Hesitation —
The Queen decides that she will not marry —
Alençon goes to Holland —
Installed Duke of Brabant —
The Queen determines on a League with Spain —
Resentment of the French Court —
She inclines to the Marriage once more —
Alternative Prospects
|
Chapter XXX |
|
D'Aubigny created Duke of Lennox —
Disposition of James —
Relations between Scotland and France —
Proposed Association of James and Mary Stuart in the Crown —
Mission of Captain Errington . —
Negotiations with the Queen of Scots —
Elizabeth attempts to play her off against her Son —
Letter of Mary Stuart to Mendoza —
The Jesuits in Scotland —
The Scotch Catholics make Advances to Spain —
Correspondence with the Catholics in England —
Proposed Treaty between Elizabeth and the Queen of Scots —
Intended Invasion of England by the Duke of Lennox —
Irresolution of Philip —
Jesuit Plot for Invasion and Insurrection —
The Duke of Guise —
Episcopacy in Scotland —
The Earl of Arran —
Mr. Robert Montgomery —
Action of the General Assembly —
Tumult in Edinburgh —
Alarms of Lennox —
Eagerness of the Queen of Scots —
Defeat of the French at Terceira —
The Raid of Ruthven —
Captivity of James —
Scene in Edinburgh —
Discovery of the Jesuit Plot —
The Earls of Angus and Ruthven apply for Help to Elizabeth —
Elizabeth refuses —
French Intrigues —
Appeal of Mary Stuart —
La Mothe Fénelon comes to London —
Proposed Alliance between France, England, and Mary Stuart —
The Lady Arabella —
Lennox retires from Scotland —
Danger of James —
Elizabeth receives Lennox in London —
Lennox and Mendoza —
Fresh Plans for Insurrection —
Hesitation of the English Catholic Nobles —
Treachery of Lennox —
His Sudden Death in Paris —
Parties in Scotland —
Renewed Negotiations for an Arrangement with the Queen of Scots —
Secretary Beale at Sheffield —
Mary Stuart consults Mendoza —
Mendoza advises her to temporise —
Commissioners from Angus and Ruthven sent to Elizabeth —
Conditions on which Scotland will be her Ally —
Elizabeth demands the Extradition of the Jesuit Gasper Holt —
She declines the Scotch Proposals —
And will not part with Money —
Continuation of the Treaty with Mary Stuart —
Which also she declines to conclude
|
Chapter XXXI |
|
Large Sums advanced to Alençon —
Plots to assassinate the Prince of Orange —
Orange wounded by Jaureguy —
Enthusiastic Delight of the Catholics —
The Prince recovers —
The French Conspiracy —
Catastrophe at Antwerp, and Flight of Alençon —
Ineffectual Attempt at Reconciliation —
Elizabeth again purposes to assist Spain in the Reconquest of the United Provinces —
The Paris Plot —
Guise prepares to invade England —
Negotiations with Spain —
Letter from Mendoza to Philip —
James escapes from the Protestant Nobles in Scotland . —
Revolution at the Scotch Court —
James places himself at Guise's Disposition —
Guise ready to sail, waits only for Support from Spain —
Charles Paget sent over to arrange the Landing —
Walsingham is sent to Scotland —
Complaints of James —
The King of Navarre applies to Elizabeth for Support . —
Her Sharp Practice —
Impatience of the Duke of Guise —
Divisions among the Catholics —
Attempt to assassinate Elizabeth —
Death of Somerville and Arden —
Arrest of Francis Throgmorton —
His Confession on the Rack —
Arrest of the Earls of Arundel and Northumberland —
Difference of Opinion in the English Council —
Fresh Executions of Seminary Priests —
Expulsion of the Spanish Ambassador —
Violent Scene with the Council —
Parry's Plot —
Parry and Morgan —
The Low Countries . —
Difficulties of James —
He again writes to Guise —
And to the Pope —
Parties among the English Catholics —
Protestant Plot to seize the King of Scots —
The Lords are betrayed, and fly 678 Capture and Execution of Ruthven —
Mary Stuart's Instructions to her Son —
Elizabeth makes Fresh Efforts for a Compromise —
Reopening of the Treaty with the Queen of Scots —
She stands on "Proud Terms" —
The Treaty is dropped —
Letters of M. Fontenay from Scotland —
Curious Account of the Character of James —
Scotch Politicians —
Mary Stuart's Hold over her Son
|
Chapter XXXII |
|
Effects of Protestantism —
The Channel Pirates —
State of the English Church —
Policy of Elizabeth —
Death of Alencon —
Murder of the Prince of Orange —
Elizabeth pretends a Wish to defend the Netherlands —
Burghley's Advice —
The Earl of Arran —
Paltry Manoeuvring with Scotland —
Lord Hunsdon sent there —
John Craig and Arran —
General Perfidy —
The Countess of Shrewsbury and Lady Arabella Stuart —
Letter of Mary Queen of Scots to Elizabeth —
Conduct of Mary —
Letter of Warning to her from an Italian —
Mary's Professions to Elizabeth, and to the Pope and Philip —
St. Lawrence's Shoulder-bone —
Confessions of Crichton, the Jesuit —
Dread of Elizabeth's Assassination —
Bond of Association —
James's Indifference to his Mother —
Mission of the Master of Gray —
The Queen of Scots sends her Secretary to Elizabeth . —
She despairs of Help from abroad —
She is moved to Tutbury Castle —
She threatens James with her Curse —
Meeting of Parliament —
Dread of the Jesuits —
Speech of Dr. Parry —
Display of Loyalty in the House of Commons —
Parry's Treason —
His Execution —
New Bill to provide for the Queen's Safety —
Her Speech from the Throne —
The States offer themselves to Elizabeth —
Difficulties of the Situation —
Elizabeth's Insincerity —
Henry III. refuses the Sovereignty of the States —
Elizabeth's Letter demanding the Delivery of Morgan —
The Holy League —
Henry HI. declines Elizabeth's Aid —
She sends Champernowne to the King of Navarre —
Death of Gregory XIII., and Accession of Sextus V —
Henry III. yields to the Guises —
The King of Navarre's Appeal to Europe —
Elizabeth refuses to help him —
Scheme to rescue the Queen of Scots —
Her Despair —
She is placed under Sir Amyas Paulet's Care —
James affects Devotion to Elizabeth —
Proposed Assassination of Arran —
A League negotiated between Elizabeth and James —
Skirmish on the Border and Murder of Lord Russell —
Arran suspected, and his Surrender demanded by Elizabeth —
James refuses —
Elizabeth withdraws her Demand —
Arran prepares for an Armed Struggle —
The Scotch Lords permitted to leave England —
Flight of Arran —
Elizabeth's Excuses to James —
Letter of Elizabeth to James —
Lord Northumberland destroys himself in the Tower —
Collapse of the Party of Insurrection
|
Chapter XXIII |
|
Positions of England and Spain —
Elizabeth's Religious Views —
Sir John Hawkins offers to destroy the Newfoundland Fishing Fleet — S
Value of Elizabeth's Friendship —
Arrest of English Sailors by Spain —
Unjust Suspicions of Burghley —
The States renew the Offer of Sovereignty to Elizabeth —
Fall of Antwerp —
Leicester appointed to command the English Troops in the States —
His Departure delayed —
Dreadful Sufferings of the Troops —
Elizabeth's Irresolution —
Leicester sails for the Hague —
Drake's Expedition to Spain —
His Exploits in the West Indies —
Elizabeth and M. de Champagny —
Her Meditated Betrayal of the States —
Burghley's Share in it considered —
Olivarez discusses the Invasion of England with Sextus V —
Doubts of obtaining the Assent of France —
Elizabeth's Secret Negotiations —
Leicester accepts the Government of the Provinces —
Elizabeth's Neglect of her Troops —
Her Indignation with Leicester —
Her Fury with Davison —
Her Interview with Sir Thomas Sherley —
Burghley threatens to resign —
Effect of Drake's Successes —
Mischievous Influence of Sir James Crofts —
Anxiety of Walsingham —
Bodenham and Grafigny examined —
Elizabeth is forced to disown them —
She renews the Negotiations for the Treaty —
De Looe and the Prince of Parma —
Alarm of Lord Buckhurst —
Sir William Stanley —
Loss of Grave and Venloo —
Leicester remonstrates with Elizabeth —
His Incapacity —
Action at Zutphen —
Death of Sir Philip Sidney —
Leicester's Return —
Sir John Perrot on Ireland —
Ecclesiastical Disorganisation —
Devon and Somerset Families settle in Ireland —
The Jesuits once more —
Rebellion of the Connaught Burkes —
Defeat of the Scots on the Moy
|
Chapter XXXIV |
|
The Two Futures open to Europe —
Walsingham's Secret Correspondence —
Devotion of the Jesuits to Spain —
Loyalty of other Catholics —
Difficulty of knowing Catholic Secrets —
Plan to intercept the Correspondence of the Queen of Scots —
The Giffords —
Mary Stuart is moved to Chartley Manor 235 Her Letters are deciphered and read —
Letters of Thomas Morgan —
Plot to assassinate Elizabeth —
Anthony Babington and John Ballard —
Confederacy among the Catholic Nobles and Gentry —
Babington's Accomplices and Plans —
Morgan informs the Queen of Scots of the Conspiracy . —
League between Elizabeth and James —
Mary disinherits James —
Babington explains his Plot to Mary Stuart —
Her Reply —
Its Authenticity discussed —
Excuses for her Conduct —
And for Elizabeth's —
Mary Stuart's Unchanged Character —
Folly of the Conspirators —
The Arrests —
Mary Stuart taken to Tixall —
Seizure of her Papers —
She returns to Chartley —
Panic in England —
Appeal of Elizabeth to Mary Stuart —
Removal to Fotheringay —
Trial of Babington —
Executions —
What to do with the Queen of Scots —
Disposition of James —
Examination of Letters —
Resolution of the Peers —
Trial of the Queen of Scots at Fotheringay —
Technical Difficulties —
She consents to appear —
Her Address —
The Court adjourns —
She is declared guilty —
Meeting of Parliament —
Petition of the two Houses —
Reply of Elizabeth —
Interposition of France and Scotland —
Mission of the Master of Gray and Sir Robert Melville —
M. Believre sent from Paris —
Interview with the Queen —
Uncertainty as to the Real Disposition of France —
Catholic Conspiracy in Scotland —
Publication of the Sentence in London —
Second Ineffectual Protest of Believre —
Dismissal of Gray and Melville —
Death or Imprisonment for Life —
Message from Elizabeth to the Queen of Scots —
Removal of her Cloth of State —
Resolution to die a Martyr —
Letters to Friends —
Contrast of the two Queens —
Elizabeth's Treatment of Walsingham —
Pretended Conspiracy at the House of the French Ambassador —
Critical Condition of Public Feeling —
Betrayal of Deventer by Sir William Stanley —
The Queen signs the Warrant for the Execution —
Ambiguous Conversation with Davison —
Suggestion to Sir Amyas Paulet to kill the Queen of Scots privately —
Davison consults the Council —
They agree to execute the Warrant —
Paulet's Answer, and Elizabeth's Anger —
Secretary Beale carries the Warrant to Fotheringay —
The Queen of Scots learns that she is to die —
Preparations for the End —
The Morning of the Execution —
Arrangement of the Hall —
On the Scaffold —
Death —
Political Effects
|
Chapter XXXV |
|
Responsibility of Sovereigns —
The Execution known in London —
Reception of the News by Elizabeth —
Affected Indignation with Davison and Burghley —
She protests her Innocence —
Emotion in Scotland —
And in France —
Disgrace of Burghley —
Prosecution of Davison —
Sentence of the Commissioners —
Punishment of Elizabeth —
European Politics —
Sextus V. and Count Olivarez —
Philip intends to claim the English Succession —
The Bishop of Dunblane —
Scotch and Spanish Factions among the English Catholics —
Allen in Favour of Philip —
Scotch Sympathies in the Sacred College —
Disorders in the Low Countries —
Fresh Expedition of Sir Francis Drake —
Burning of Galleons in Cadiz —
Meditated Attack on Lisbon —
Capture of the San Philip —
Elizabeth persists in seeking Peace —
The Religious Liberties of the States to be betrayed —
Siege and Capture of Sluys —
Neglect and Misery of the English Troops —
The States demand the Restoration of the Cautionary Towns —
Commission appointed to treat for Peace —
Indignation of the States —
The Civil War in France —
Henry III. and the League —
Jealousies between France and Spain —
Intrigues at Rome —
Spanish Preparations for War —
The Spanish Fleet prepares to sail for England —
Sufferings of Parma's Army at Dunkirk —
Financial Embarrassments —
Death of Santa Cruz —
The English Commissioners at Ostend —
Parma's Views about the Peace —
And on the Possible Result of the Invasion —
Philip determines to persevere —
Depreciation of Landed Property in England —
Collapse of the Treaty —
Results of Elizabeth's Policy —
The Huguenot Army dispersed for Want of Money —
Ineffectual Appeals to the Queen —
Guise, supported by Philip, occupies Paris —
The Day of the Barricades, and Flight of the King —
The Success is too late to be of Use to Spain
|
Chapter XXXVI |
|
Supposed Weakness of England —
Preparations for Defence —
The English Navy —
Its Annual Cost —
Wages of Seamen —
Condition of the Fleet in 1588 —
False Economy of the Queen —
Distress of Lord Howard —
Ill-treatment of the Sailors —
The Fleet collects —
Elizabeth's Obstinacy —
Sour Beer and Short Supplies —
The Armada —
Medina Sidonia, and other Officers in Command —
Allen made Cardinal and Archbishop of Canterbury —
His Pastoral Letter against Elizabeth —
Sailing of the Armada —
Its first Misfortunes —
Arming of England —
Leicester made Commander-in-Chief —
Action off Plymouth —
Superior Sailing of the English Ships —
Destruction of Galleons —
Enthusiasm of the young English Gentry —
Fight off the Isle of Wight —
The two Fleets reach Calais Roads —
Preparations of the Prince of Parma —
Want of Food and Powder in the English Fleet —
Fire-ships sent upon the Armada —
Action in the Straits of Dover —
Terrible Defeat of the Spaniards —
Flight of the Armada —
Shattered Condition of the Ships —
Council of War —
Resolution to pass around Ireland —
The English Fleet return to the Thames —
Frightful Mortality among the Seamen —
Neglect of the Government —
Behaviour of Elizabeth —
Death and Character of Leicester —
The Armada at the North of Scotland —
Eleven Days of Storm —
Sidonia, with Fifty-two Ships, passes Cape Clear —
Fate of the Remainder —
Martinez de Recalde, with two others, follows Sidonia —
Wreck in Blasket Sound —
Wrecks in Clare, Arran, and Clew Bay —
All Prisoners executed —
Scene on the Coast of Sligo —
Spaniards murdered by the Irish —
Alonzo da Leyva —
Wreck at Dunluce —
Arrival of Sidonia in Spain —
Condition of the Ships —
Scene at St. Sebastian —
Reception of the News by Philip —
Failure of Parma at Bergen-op-Zoom —
Gratification of the Pope and the Cardinals —
Sextus and Olivarez —
Disgrace of Allen —
Murder of the Duke of Guise
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Conclusion |
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Reasons for concluding the History at this Point —
Effects of the Destruction of the Armada —
The English Catholics become Anglicans —
Reflections on the History of the two Religions —
Superstition and Love of Truth —
Government by Majorities and the Right of the Strong —
Later Policy of Elizabeth —
Internal Administration —
Enforcement of the Act of Uniformity —
Relations between Elizabeth and the Puritans —
English Episcopacy —
Toleration or Uniformity — Contrasts between France and England —
Development of Anglicanism —
"Martin Marprelate" —
The Double Character of the English Church —
Character and Position of the Bishops —
Effects of the Retention of the Catholic Element —
Death of Elizabeth —
Hard Usage of Sovereigns by History —
General Reflections
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