Live Table of Contents of Froude's History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Death of Elizabeth

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Chapter 1	Social Condition of England in the Sixteenth Century	Character of Mediaeval Civilization; Population in the Sixteenth Century — Slowness of the Rate of Increase — Encouragement of Manufactures — The great "Sin of Idleness" — Decline of Towns — The Feudal System — Regiments of Labour — Distribution of Property — Sumptuary Laws — Prosperity of the People — Wages and Prices — Principle of State Interference — General Prosperity of Labour — Labour and Capital — Management of Land — The Commercial Spirit — Absorption of Lands for Pasturage — The State Interferes — Incomes of the Higher Classes — Cost of the Royal Establishment — The Country Gentlemen and the Clergy — Country Houses in England — The "Glory of Hospitality" — Habits of Country Gentlemen The Clergy and the Laity. Education — Organization of Trade — The London Companies — Education of the Poor — Illustrative Statutes . — The Handloom Weavers — The System Decays — The Change — Military Training — Archery Practice — Amusements of the People — Rise of the English Drama — English Dramatic Exhibitions — Illustrations — A Masque at Greenwich — Neglect of Duty by the Religious Houses — English Poor Laws — Organization of Charity — Act of 1531 — Act of 1536 — Conclusion
Chapter II	The Last Years of the Administration of Wolsey	Struggles between the Clergy and Laity — Condition of the Church; The Warnings; Intended Reformation by Wolsey — The one Resident Bishop; The Supplication of the Beggars; First Agitation of the Divorce; The Law of Succession; The Divorce of Catherine of Arragon; The Succession; Recollections of the Wars of the Roses — Possible Claimants for the Crown; Marriage of Henry and Catherine; Henry's Motives; Henry's own Feelings — The Spanish Alliance — Policy of Wolsey — Wolsey's Scheme of Church Reform — Wolsey 's Visionary Schemes — The "Divorce" submitted to the Pope — The Papal Jurisdiction on its Trial — The Pope's Difficulties — Conduct of Charles — Derangement of Commerce — Proposals of Campeggio; Attitude of Catherine; Public Acknowledgment of Anne Boleyn — Premature Intrigues — The Emperor's Influence destroyed — The Pope's Promise — Wolsey's Protest — The Crisis — Fall of Wolsey — The Third Estate — Persecution — Parties in England — Early Character of Henry VIII. — Early History of Anne Boleyn.
Chapter III	The Parliament of 1529	The Gathering of Parliament — The Consistory Courts — The Discipline of the Clergy — Temper of London — Parliament meets — Speech of Sir Thomas More — The Business of the Session commences — Composition of the House of Commons — Petition of the Commons — Reply of the Bishops — Character of the Defence — Proceedings of Parliament — Clergy Discipline Act — Statute against Pluralities — Failure of the Opposition — Humiliation of the Bishops — Prorogation of Parliament — The Appeal to the Universities — Charles the Fifth at Bologna — Clement the Seventh — The European Powers and the Papacy — Mission of the Earl of Wiltshire — The Reply of the Emperor — Attitude of the Pope — The Opinions of the Universities — Bribery and Intimidation — The University of Paris — Oxford and Cambridge — A Sunday at Windsor — Results of the Collection of Opinions — The King's Book.
Chapter IV	Church and State	The Clergy allowed a Respite — Change in the Position of the Clergy — Prosecution of Wolsey — The Statutes of Provisors — The Clergy in the Premunire — The Bishop of Rochester — Attempt to poison him — Punishment of a Poisoner — Temper of the Country — Act against the Gipsies — Popular Superstitions — The Nun of Kent — The House of Lords address the Pope — The Address of the Lords — The King leaves Catherine; The Party of Insurrection — The Levy of the Fine upon the Clergy — Scene in St. Paul's Chapter House — Burning of Tracy's Body — Benefit of Clergy — Reform of the Court of Arches — Evasion of the Mortmain Act — Payment of Annates — The Clergy Petition — The Annates Act — Final Surrender of Convocation — Feeling of the Country — Resignation of the Seals by More — Protest and Death of Archbishop Warham.
Chapter V	Marriage of Henry and Anne Boleyn	Liberty of Opinion — General Espionage; Informations forwarded to the Government — The Greenwich Observants — The Religious Orders in England — Position of Parties in Europe — Papal Diplomacy — Meeting of the Kings — The Interview at Calais — The Return of Henry to England — The Pope in Difficulties — Interview between the Emperor and Pope — The Bologna Conference — The King marries — Recapitulation — Francis falls to the Pope — Isolation of Henry — The Parliament meets — Economic Legislation — Act of Apparel — The Act of Appeals — The Cause laid before Convocation — Cranmer applies for Licence to proceed — The King's Reply — The Meaning of that Reply — The Court at Dunstable — Cranmer's Sentence — Unsatisfactory Character of it — Preparations for the Coronation — The Queen is brought to the Tower — The Coronation Pageant — The Queen — The Coronation — Letter to the Emperor — The Emperor's Reply — Prospects in England — The Princess Dowager — The Princess Mary — Royal Proclamation — Catherine at Ampthill — Catherine and the Royal Commissioners — Queen Catherine's Conduct — Letter of Archbishop Cranmer — Martyrdom of Frith and Hewett — Retribution.
Chapter VI	The Protestants	The Lollards — Presentation to Religious Benefices in the Fourteenth Century — Statutes of Provisors — Rise of the Lollards — John Wycliffe — Theory of Property — Insurrection of Wat Tyler — Wycliffe's Influence declines — Death of Wycliffe — Insurrection of Oldcastle — i Close of the Lollard Movement — New Birth of Protestantism — The Christian Brothers — Luther — Multiplication of Testaments — William Tyndal — The Antwerp Printing-Press — The Christian Brothers — Wolsey's Persecutions — Story of Anthony Dalaber — Escape of Garret — Perplexity of the Authorities — The Ports are set for Garret's Capture — Garret goes to Bristol, and is taken — The Investigation at Oxford — Doctor London's Intercession — The Bishop of Lincoln — Oxford is Purged — Temper of the Protestants — The Fall of Wolsey brings no Relief — Sir Thomas More as Chancellor — Contrast between Wolsey and More — Martyrdom of Bilney — Martyrdom of James Bainham — Feelings of the People — Pavier the Town Clerk . — The Worship of Relics — Hoods and Relics — The Rood of Dovercourt — The Paladins — Early Life of Latimer — He goes to Cambridge — Latimer's Education — His Fame as a Preacher — He is appointed Chaplain to the King — His Defence of the Protestants — He is cited before the Bishops — Latimer before the Bishops — Thomas Cromwell — Will of Thomas Cromwell.
Chapter VII	The Last Efforts of Diplomacy	Mary of Hungary — The King is cited to Rome — Clement refuses further Delay — Isolation of England — Henry urgent against the Interview — He appeals to a Council — Terms of the Appeal — Legal Value of the Appeal — Cranmer's Sentence known at Rome Measures of the Consistory — Measures of the Consistory — Henry again calls on Francis — He will not surrender his Marriage — He will not repeal his Legislation — He urges the Rupture of the Interview — Recal of the Embassy — England and Germany — Birth of Elizabeth — Clement arrives at Marseilles — The Interview — Bonner at Marseilles — Bonner and the Pope — The Pope rejects the Appeal — Proposal for a Court to sit at Cambray — Francis implores Henry to consent — Henry refuses to revoke the Laws against the Papacy — State of England — The Princess Mary — Queen Catherine — The Nun of Kent — State of Feeling in England — Proposed Marriage of the Princess Mary — The Nun of Kent — Disgrace of Mary — The Countess of Salisbury — The Nevilles — General Superstition — Proposals for a Protestant League used as a Menace to Francis — The Protestant League — The Court of Brussels — Meeting of Parliament — Perils of the Reformation — Cromwell — Opening Measures — The Congé d'élire — Abolition of Exactions — Closing Protest — Apology of Sir Thomas More accepted by the King — Obstinate Defence of Fisher — The Bill proceeds — Execution of the Nun — Her last Words — The Act of Succession — The first Oath of Allegiance — Clement gives final Sentence against the King — Obscurity of the Pope's Conduct — Mission of the Duke of Guise — The French Fleet watch the Channel — The Commission sits to receive the Oath — More and Fisher — More before the Commission — He refuses to Swear — Debate in Council — The Government are peremptory — Concession not possible — Royal Proclamation — Circular to the Sheriffs — Death of Clement VII..
Chapter VIII	The Irish Rebellion	State of Ireland — The Norman Conquest — Absentees — The Norman Irish — Weakness of the English Rule — Distribution of the Irish Clans — The Irish Reaction — Condition of the People — English and Irish Estimates — Ireland for the Irish — Coyne and Livery — The Geraldines of Kildare — Deputation of Lord Surrey — Return of Kildare — Foreign Intrigues — Desmond intrigues with the Emperor — Geraldine Conspiracy — Kildare sent to the Tower — The Irish Rise — The Duke of Richmond Viceroy — Third Deputation to Kildare — Ireland in its Ideal State — New Aspects of Irish Rebellion — Ireland and the Papacy — Kildare is sent to the Tower — Desmond and the Emperor — Corny O'Brien — The Holy War of the Geraldines — General Rebellion — Siege of Dublin — Murder of Archbishop Allen — Fitzgerald writes to the Pope — Dublin saved by the Earl of Ormond — A Truce agreed to — Delay of the English Deputy — Ormond again saves Dublin — The Deputy sails from Beaumaris — Mismanagement of Skeffington — Delay and Incapacity — Burning of Trim and Dunboyne — Skeffington will not move — General Despondency — Disorganization of the English Army .... — The Campaign opens — Siege of Maynooth — Storming of the Castle — The Pardon of Maynooth — The Rebellion collapses — Lord Leonard Grey — Fitzgerald surrenders — Dilemma of the Government — Execution of Fitzgerald — End of the Rebellion.
Chapter IX	The Catholic Martyrs	State of England in 1534 — Temper of the Clergy — Order for Preaching — Secret Disaffection among the Clergy312 The Confessional — Treasonable Intrigues — Catholic Treasons — Persecuting Laws against the Catholics — The Act of Supremacy — The Oath of Allegiance — Election of Paul the Third — Anxiety of the Emperor — Proposals for a Catholic Coalition — Counter-Overtures of Francis to Henry — Attitude of Henry — Distrust of France — England and the Papacy — The Penal Laws — The Battle of the Faiths — The Charterhouse Monks — The Anabaptist Martyrs — Fisher and More — Fisher named Cardinal — The Pope condescends to Falsehood — Fisher Tried and Sentenced — Execution of Fisher — Sir Thomas More — Effect upon Europe — Letter to Cassalis — Reply of the Pope — Bull of Deposition — Intrigues of Francis in Germany — England and Germany.
Chapter X	The Visitation of the Monasteries	Visitation of the Monasteries — The Abbey of St. Albans — Commission of 1535 — The Visitors at Oxford — Progress of the Visitors — Visit to Langden Abbey — Fountains Abbey — The Monks at Fordham — The Monks of Pershore — Rules to be observed in all Abbeys — The Black Book in Parliament — Discussion in Parliament — Conflicting Opinions — Smaller Houses suppressed — The Protestant Bishops — State of London — The Vagrant Act — Remission of Firstfruits — Dissolution of Parliament — The Work accomplished by Parliament.
Chapter XI	Trial and Death of Anne Boleyn	Death of Queen Catherine — Anne Boleyn — Anne Boleyn committed to the Tower — The Tower — Cranmer's Letter to the King — Cranmer's Postscript — Preparations for the Trial — True Bills found by the Grand Juries — The Indictment — The Trials — The opposite Probabilities — Execution of the five Gentlemen — The Divorce — The Execution — The Succession — The King's Third Marriage — Opinions of Foreign Courts — Meeting of Parliament — Speech of the Lord Chancellor — Second Act of Succession.
Chapter XII	Foreign and Domestic Aspects of the Reformation in England	Spain and England — Animosity of the Emperor — Mission of Cardinal Granvelle — The Milan Temptation — Francis will join the Papal League — The Triple Cord — Effect of the Death of Catherine — Overtures to England — Reply to the Spanish Ambassador — The French invade Italy — The Emperor's Protest — Speech in the Consistory — Invasion of Provence — Attitude of England — Expectations formed at Rome — Paul's Message to Henry — Letter of Sir Gregory Cassalis — History of Reginald Pole — The King's Favour towards him — Residence Abroad — The Book of the Church — Opposes Conciliation — England seen from within — Convocation of 1536 — Latimer's Sermon — Spirit of the Clergy — Complaints against the Growth of Heresy — Protestant Heresies — Peculiar Disposition of the King — First Articles of Religion — Judgment on General Councils — Injunctions of the Vicar-General — The English Bible
Chapter XIII	The Pilgrimage of Grace	Causes of Popular Disaffection — Discontent in the House of Lords — The Statute of Uses — Enclosures of Commons — Encroachment upon Local Jurisdiction — The Three Commissions — Fantastic Rumours . — Rising in Lincolnshire — The First of October at Louth — The Rebellion in Motion — The Articles of the Rebellion — The Rebels occupy Lincoln — Lord Hussey — The Duke of Suffolk — The King's Answer to the Petition — Scene in the Chapter-house at Lincoln — The Gentlemen separate from the Commons — The Great Insurrection — Account of Robert Aske — The Rising of the North — Scene at Beverley — Lord Darcy — The Rendezvous at Weighton — Aske enters York — Lord Darcy in Pomfret — Surrender of Pomfret — The Siege of Hull — Skipton Castle — Advance of the Duke of Norfolk — Henry's Instructions to Norfolk — Lancaster Herald at Pomfret — Lord Northumberland — Doncaster — The Doncaster Articles — The Conference on Doncaster Bridge — The Advice of the Council — Despatch of Heralds — State of the North — Proposal to betray Aske — Rebel Council at York — The Council of Pomfret — The King's Second Commission — Resolutions of the King — The Council of York — Aske goes to London — Fresh Danger
Chapter XIV	The Commission of Cardinal Pole	James the Fifth — Reginald Pole made a Cardinal — The Mission into Flanders — The Credentials — State of the North of England — Sir Francis Bigod — Second Insurrection — Failures at Scarborough and Hull — Arrival of the Duke of Norfolk — The Rebels attack Carlisle — Martial Law — Pole arrives in France — He is dismissed into the Netherlands — He retires to Liege — Arrests in England — Aske, Darcy, and Constable — Trials of the Prisoners — Executions — Aske and Constable — Death of Aske — The Children of Benjamin — Pole at Liege — Michael Throgmorton — Letter of Cromwell to Michael Throgmorton — Illustrative Sketches of the Time — The Sacraments — The Bishop's Book — Address of the King — State of the Navy — Piracy in the Channel — Battle in Falmouth Harbour — Outrages of Foreign Cruisers — Equipment of a Fleet — Action in the Downs — English Successes — Survey of the Coasts — The Revenue — Ill-health of the King — Birth of the Prince of Wales — Death of the Queen — Anxiety for the Prince — Creation of Peers — Proposal of a New Marriage
Chapter XV	The Exeter Conspiracy	The European Powers — England and the Empire — Mission of Sir Thomas Wyatt — The Princess Mary — The Duchess of Milan — Interchange of Alliance — Doubts and Warnings — The Pacification of Nice — Doctor Bonner — The Religious Houses — Voluntary Surrenders — Images and Belies — Friar Forest — Novel Law of Heresy — Oderfel Gadern — The Shrines — St. Thomas of Canterbury — The King's Marriage — The Pope issues the Censures — Pole's Second Mission — England and Flanders — Pole's Apology — Irish Overtures to the Papacy — Contemplated Invasion of Ireland — The English Lords — Renewed Agitations — The Marquis of Exeter — The Banner of St Kevern — The Cornish Conspiracy — Arrest of Holland — The Poles — Lady Salisbury — Circular to the Justices of the Peace — Westminster Hall — Lord Montague — Sir Edward Neville — Executions for Treason — Testimony of Events — England and the Lutherans — The Landgrave of Hesse — Prosecution of Lambert — Lambert dies at the Stake — Cromwell's Opinion of the Sentence — Reginald Pole in Spain — Rumour of the intended Invasion — The Flemish Fleet — Reports from Spain — The King at Dover — The Uncertainty — The Fleet in Flanders disperses — Despair of Pole — He is alarmed for the Emperor — The Muster in London
Chapter XVI	The Six Articles	Religious Tolerance — Spirit of Persecution — State of Parties — The Privy Council — The Prospects of Cromwell — Appeal of the King to his Subjects — General Pardon — Difficulties of Protestantism — Marriage of the Clergy — An Execution at Ipswich — General Election — Meeting of Parliament — Religious Differences — Proposals for Union — Attainder of the Poles — The Six Articles — Act of Proclamations — Royal Address — Dissolution of the Monasteries — Extension of the Episcopate — Approbation of England — Protest of Melancthon — Moderation of the King — Development of the Statute — Second Pardon — The Vicar of Stepney — Henry and Prince Edward — The English Criminal Law — The Welsh Marches — Address to the Justices of the Peace — Issue of Special Commissions — The Three Abbots — The Abbot of Glastonbury
Chapter XVII	Anne of Cleves, and the Fall of Cromwell	Anne of Cleves . — Cromwell and the Peers — Position of Cromwell — Cromwell and Gardiner — Cromwell and the Bishops — The Protestants — Prosecution of Dr. Watts — The Emperor comes to Paris — Reginald Pole — The Emperor at Paris — An English Traitor — Interview with Sir Thomas Wyatt — Anne of Cleves lands in England — The King's Sensations — Arrival of Anne at Greenwich — Reluctance of Henry — Completion of the Marriage — Protestant Controversy — Attitude of the Emperor — Failure of Cromwell's Foreign Policy — Approach of the Crisis — $ Meeting of Parliament — Cromwell's Opening Speech — The Calm before the Storm — Progress of ordinary Legislation — A Subsidy Bill — Attainders of Romanists — The King's Marriage — Hints of a Divorce . — The Fall of Cromwell — Intercession of Cranmer — The Attainder — The Six Articles — The King's Statement — Judgment of Convocation — S Communication with the Duke — Opinion of Foreign Powers — Committee of Religion — The Calais Conspirators — Attainder of three Protestants — Parliament is Dissolved — The Fall of Cromwell — His Prayer on the Scaffold — Character of Cromwell
Chapter XVIII	Scotland and Ireland	Outlines of Scottish Character — English Failures in Attempts at Conquest — Rivalry of the Two Nations — Effects of Flodden — The Duke of Albany — Feuds of the Nobles — The Queen-Mother — Renewed War with England — Overtures of Henry — English and French Factions — Albany returns from France — War on the Borders — Cowardice of the Regent — Final Departure of Albany — Intrigues of Margaret — Return of the Earl of Angus — Conspiracies among the Lords — Profligacy of the Queen-Mother — Angus in Edinburgh — Danger of Civil War — Compromise of Parties — The English Treaty — Anarchy — Overthrow of Angus — Character of James the Fifth — He inclines to the Papacy, and quarrels with England — Suggestion of an Interview between the Kings — Weakness of the King — The intended Interview is relinquished — James marries a French Princess — James returns to Scotland — Persecution of the Douglases — Mary of Guise — The Catholic Coalition — Mission of Sir Ralph Sadler — The Scotch Protestants — The Birth of John Knox — Patrick Hamilton — Alexander Ferrier — Persecution — State of Ireland — Death of Sir William Skeffington — Unfavourable Prospects — Expedition into the West — O'Brien's Bridge — Carrigogonnell — The Deputy and the Council — Pretensions of the Irish Convocation — Admonitions of the King . — Archbishop Brown — Errors of the Deputy — Despatch of Commissioners — An Irish Outrage — Judgment of Sir John Allen — Reports of the Commissioners — Irish Leanings of the Deputy — Quarrels among the Bishops — Recover}' of the Irish Faction — Remonstrances of Ormond — Lady Eleanor Fitzgerald — The Deputy visits Connaught — Contradictory Accounts of it — The King's Rebuke — Outward Reconciliation — Rising of the Clans — Defeat of O'Neil — Fresh Dissensions — The Deputy becomes Irish — He is sent to the Tower — The Indictment — The Five Points — Execution of Grey — A New Deputy
Chapter XIX	Solway Moss	Effect of the Death of Cromwell — The King marries Catherine Howard — England, France, and the Empire — English Refugees on the Continent — Disputes with France — The Treaty of Moor Park — Intricate Money Claims — The Milan Difficulty — Wallop and Wyatt accused of Treason — They are acquitted — Rising of Sir John Neville — The Countess of Salisbury — LordDacres — The Progress into Yorkshire — Catherine Howard — Opening of Parliament — The Chancellor's Speech — Prosecution of the Queen — Petition of the Houses to the King. — The Queen is attainted — Execution of the Queen — Symmetry of Misfortune — Act against Witchcraft — Sanctuary Laws — Question of Privilege — Case of Ferrars — Condition of England — France and Turkey — Probabilities of War — Expedition against Algiers — Surprise of Marano — France and Venice — England and the Empire — The Orleans Marriage — The Debt of England — Piracy in the Channel — French Overtures to England — The two Alliances, and their respective Advantages — Expectation of War — Debt and Repudiation — Invasion of the Low Countries — Supposed Irritation of the Emperor against the Pope — Failures of the French — Defeat of Ferdinand by the Turks — Scottish Difficulties — Halydon Rigg — France and England — English Manifesto — War with Scotland — Intrigue of Beton against the Lords — The Gathering of Lochmaben — Invasion of Cumberland — Solway Moss — Murder of an English Herald — Death of James the Fifth
Chapter XX	The French War	The European Powers — Effects of the Defeat at Solway — The Scots sue for Peace — Imprisonment of Beton — Prospect of Union with England — The Murder of Somerset Herald — Overtures of Henry — Return of the Solway Prisoners — Agitation in France — Preparations to maintain the Cardinal — Regency of the Earl of Arran — Objections to the English Conditions — Arran and Beton — Character of Beton — Meeting of the Scottish Parliament — Terms on which they will consent to Union — Toleration of the Protestants — Third Mission of Sir Ralph Sadler — Temper of Parties — Mary of Guise — Release of Beton — Diplomatic Refinements — Disposition of the Regent — Faction and Uncertainty — Propositions of England — Gathering of the War Party — Struggles of the Two Parties — Second Message from England — Efforts of the Peace Party — Terms of the Treaties — A French Fleet on the Coast of Scotland — Menaces of the Clergy — Defeat of the French Fleet — The Queen is carried off — Despair of Sir Ralph Sadler — The Treaties are ratified — The Regent joins Beton — The French Faction triumph — Rupture with England — A Legate arrives from Rome — Conduct of the Scottish Lords — Progress of Reaction — Message of Henry the Eighth to the Scottish Parliament — Rival Factions in London and Paris — The Earl of Surrey — Piracy in the Channel — League with the Empire — Effect upon Europe — Alarm of Francis — Overtures to England — Attitude of Germany — Interview of the Emperor -with the Pope — English Demands on France — Assistance is sent to the Regent — A Passage at Arms — Progress of the War — Confusion of Parties — The Emperor enters Germany, and summons Duren — Panic in Gueldres — Submission of the Duke of Cleves — The Emperor repairs to Flanders, and joins the Army — Operations before Landrecy — Retreat of the French — Plans for the ensuing Year — Intended Invasion of France
Chapter XXI	The Peace of Crêpy	The English Bible — Intrigue against Cranmer — Persecution at Windsor — Displeasure of the King — Revision of the- Persecuting Act — Expectations from the Emperor — Money is voted for the War — Act of Succession — The Scottish Line — Administration of Beton — Persecution at Perth — The Protestants of Perth — Parties among the Lords — The Earl of Lennox — Preparations for Invasion — Attitude of the Emperor — Intentions of Henry — League with the Lords — Distrust of Angus — Instructions to Lord Hertford — Conspiracies against Beton — Invasion of Scotland — Burning of Edinburgh — The English retire — French Attempts to break the League — Preparations for the War — Meeting of the Gorman Diet — Opening of the Session — The Catholics and Protestants — Mediation of the Emperor — Protest of the Catholics — Henry's Plan of a Campaign — Not accepted by the Emperor — Remonstrances of Henry — Necessity for the Reduction of Boulogne and Monatreul — Treachery of Landenberg — The Campaign opens — Siege of St. Dizier — French Intrigues — The Emperor and his Minister — Perplexity of Henry — Surrender of St Dizier — Secret Overtures to the Emperor — Mission of the Bishop of Arras — Fall of Boulogne — The Emperor makes Peace — Conjectural Interpretations of the Emperor's Conduct — The Pope's Warning — Probable Effect on the Emperor — The Siege of Monstreul is raised — Danger of Boulogne — Night Attack — The French retreat — The Conference at Calais — The Conference dissolves ineffectually — Demands upon »he Emperor — Embassy to Brussels — Correspondence with Germany — Letter of Gardiner to Arras — The Ambassadors visit Charles — Interview of the Ambassadors with the Emperor — England and Germany
Chapter XXII	The Invasion	Expenses of the War — A Benevolence — Alderman Reed — Energy in France — Siege of Boulogne — Defeat of De Biez — Ancram Muir — Differences with the Empire — Rights of Neutrals — Distrust of the Emperor — Prospects of the German League — Opposition of the Elector — Isolation and Danger of England — Paget goes to Brussels — Interview with the Emperor — Mystery and Duplicity — Lamentations of Paget — The Council of Trent — The Diet of Worm — A Franciscan Sermon — The German League again fails — Preparations for the War — The Fleet at Portsmouth — Demonstrations of Loyalty — The Gathering at Spithead — The Invasion — The French at St Helen's — Loss of the Mary Rose — The French land 'in the Isle of Wight — Council of War — Proposal to occupy the Isle of Wight — Skirmish at Shanklin — Letter of Lord Lisle to the King — Proposal to run down the French — Action off Shoreham — The Plague in the French Fleet — Attack on Treport — Inroads into Scotland — Attack on the Calais Pale — England and the Empire — Protests of the English Council — Arrests and Reprisals — Change of Tone — The Emperor desires Reconciliation — Meditated Treachery — Prospects of Peace — Conference at Brussels — The Protestants at Calais — Bruno and Sturmias — Secret Proposals — Female Intrigues — How the French Terms originated — Sir William Paget — Renewal of the War — Vacillation of the German! — The Closing Conference — Conditions of Peace — Financial Position of England — Paget urges the Acceptance of Terms — Peace is concluded — George Wishart — Misgivings of Beton — Murder of Beton — Effect of his Death-
Chapter XXIII	The Death of Henry VIII.	Effect of the War on England — Progress of Internal Reformation — Publication of the Litany — An English Prayer Book — Dissatisfaction of the Fanatics — The Dissolution of Chantries — A fresh Attempt at a Heresy Bill — The King's last Speech in Parliament .449 Measures of the Persecutors — ? The Inquisition in London — Examination of Latimer — Legend of the Attack upon the Queen — Anne Ascue — Tendencies of the King — Fresh Offers to the Germans — Final Decay of the King's Health — Prospects of the Kingdom — The Earl of Surrey — Depositions of Witnesses — Objects of the Conspiracy — The Duke of Norfolk — Death of the King — The Will of Henry the Eighth — Concluding Summary — Character of Henry the Eighth
Chapter XXIV	The Protectorate	Last Directions of Henry — The Ambition of the Earl of Hertford — The Council in Session at the Tower — Hertford is made Protector — Proposal for an Increase of the Peerage — The Peers to be created — The Crown Debts — The Bishops take fresh Oaths — Troubles of the Lord Chancellor — The Protector enlarges his Power — And forms large Schemes — State of Europe — The Council of Trent — The Council opens — The Holy League — War in Germany — Dissensions among the Protestants — Death of Henry VIII — The Emperor will not invade England — The Councils breaks up — Opinions of Paget on the State of Europe — Chances of War with France — Fortifications at Boulogne — England, Scotland, and France — The Castle of St. Andrews — Views of Somerset on Scotland — Progress of Protestantism — The Advice of Gardiner — Protestant Excesses — The Purification of the Churches — General Visitation — The Battle of Muhlberg — The Fall of St Andrews — War with Scotland — Projected Invasion — The Commissariat — The Rising of Scotland — Somerset crosses the Border — The March to Musselburgh — Skirmish at Musselburgh — Battle of Pinkie Cleugh — Results of the Victory — The Ecclesiastical Visitation — Imprisonment of Bonner — Gardiner remonstrates before the Council — Gardiner is imprisoned, and appeals to the Protector — Meeting of Parliament — Repeal of despotic Statutes — Legislation for the Church — Petition of the Convocation — Marriage of the Clergy — Vagrancy Act — Chantries and Colleges Act
Chapter XXV	The Protectorate	The Protector appeals to Scotland — Alliance of France and Scotland — Relations between France and England — A French Army goes to Scotland — The Convention of Haddington — Siege of Haddington — Differences between the French and Scots — Assault of Haddington — Repulse of the French — Adventurers of the West — Perils of England — Diet of Augsburg — Petition to the Pope — State of Italy — Breach between the Pope and the Emperor — The Interim — The Protestant Preachers — Change of Opinion in England — Letter of Calvin to the Protector — The Protector must avoid Moderation — Complaints against Gardiner — He is required to preach before the Court — The Sermon is delivered — Gardiner is sent to the Tower — Somerset House — The Social Revolution — The Currency — Distress of the Poor — The Creed of the Protestants — Moral Consequences of the Reformation — Landlord and Tenant — Luxury and Misery — The Enclosures Commission — Petition of the Commons — Lord Seymour of Sudleye — Marriage with Catherine Parr — Intrigues with the Lords — The Pirates of the Channel — The Prayer-Book — Parliament meets — The Fasts and the Fisheries — The Real Presence — Debate on the Real Presence — Lord Seymour
Chapter XXVI	Fall of the Protector	General Waste and Extravagance — Social Disorder — French Intrigues — Perils of the Nation — Growth of Heresy — The Humours and the Schemes of the Protector — The Protector's Commissions — Heresy Commission — Enclosures Riots — The Rising of the West — The Barns of Crediton — The Villagers of Clyst — The Council and the Protector — The Protector's Difficulty — Demands of the Rebels — Embarrassment of the Protector — Advice of Paget — The Protector will not act upon it — Persecution of Bonner — Lord Grey in Oxfordshire — Siege of Exeter — Skirmish at Fenington Bridge — Advance of Lord Russell — St. Mary's Clyst — Defeat of the Rebels — Relief of Exeter — Sampford Courtenay — Action at Sampford Courtenay — Martial Law — The Provost Marshal in Cornwall — The Vicar of St. Thomas's — The Rising in Norfolk — Mousehold Hill — The Council offer Pardon — Defeat of Northampton — The Earl of Warwick — Danger of Warwick — Duffindale — End of the Rebellions — The Council of Trent — France and the Empire — Boulogne in Danger — The French attack Boulogne — Losses of the English — Results of the Administration of Somerset — The Protector's Errors — The Council resolve to protest — Letter to the Emperor — The Protector and the Council — Letter of Russell and Herbert — Character of Somerset — He meditates Flight — Close of the Protectorate — The Expenses of the Rebellion — The Currency
Chapter XXVII	The Reformed Administration	Bonner and Gardiner — Expectations of a Change — Appeal of Gardiner — Measures of the Session — Ecclesiastical Discipline — Treatment of Somerset — The French Wars — Negotiations for Peace — The French Terms — Restoration of Boulogne — The Gospel in England — Effects of the Reformation — Public Corruption — Fraudulent Manufactures — Sermon of Latimer on the State of England — Lever on the State of England — Signs of better Times — Financial Difficulties — The Currency — Artificial Prices — Joan Bocher — Persecution and Toleration — Death of Paul the Third — Election of a Pope — Election of Julius the Third — Charles the Fifth and Germany — The Edict in the Low Countries — Refugees in England — The Princess Mary's Mass — Perils of the Nation — Differences with France — The Archbishop of Glasgow — Animosity of the French Court — Persecution of Gardiner — Opinion of the Council on the Honour due to the Dead — The Vestment Controversy — Menaces of the Emperor — Mary's Entry into London — Danger of War — The Point of Conscience — Edward and the Bishops — State of Italy — France and the Empire — Excommunication of Octavio Parnese — War in Italy
Chapter XXVIII	The Execution of the Duke of Somerset	Anglo-French Alliance — Betrothal of Edward to a French Princess — Dr. Wotton and the Emperor — The Emperor and the Lady Mary — Menace of War with the Empire — The Currency and the Rise of Prices — The Coin is called down — Fresh Issue of Base Money — Second Fall of the Coin — Proclamation of Prices — Issue of a Pure Coin — The Sweating Sickness — Admonition to Repentance — Suppression of Bishoprics — Religion not Godliness — The Lady Mary — Intrigues of Somerset — Somerset's Plot — Palmer's Evidence — Alarm of Somerset — Trial of Somerset — Conduct of Northumberland — Execution of Somerset — Conduct of Cranmer — The Liturgy — The London Hospitals — Measures of Social Reform — Statute of Usury — Reform of the Treason Law — State of Germany — The Exile of the Preachers — Duke Maurice — The Council of Trent — The Peace of Passau — State of Ireland — Sir Anthony St. Leger — Ireland and the Reformation — Sir Edward Bellingham — Effects of Bellingham's Government — Death of Bellingham — Return of St. Leger — The Irish Mint — St. Leger and Religion — St. Leger and Brereton — Southern Survey — Sir James Crofts — The Irish Currency — Irish Council of Trade — Council of Trade at Dublin — Artificial Famine
Chapter XXIX	Northumberland's Conspiracy	Effects of the Reformation . — Character of Edward — Opinions of Edward on the State of England — Efforts of Cranmer — Church Discipline — The State of England — The Antwerp Loans — The Debts of the Crown — State of Europe — Probability of War between England and France — Charles the Fifth — Stukley's Story disclaimed — Fresh Spoils of the Church — Audit of the Public Accounts. . . . . . — Ways and Means — Parliament to meet — General Election — Convention of the Notables — Distribution of Property during Edward's Minority — The Council and the Crown Lands — The Merchant Adventurers — The Fellowship of Merchants and the Merchant Adventurers — Sir Thomas Gresham — A Subsidy — John Knox and Northumberland — Dissolution of Parliament — Position of Northumberland — The King grows worse — Siege of Metz — Charles dangerously 111 — Proposed Mediation of England — Northumberland's Hesitation — France and the Empire — The King's Death is expected — Popular Feeling towards Mary — Prospects of Northumberland — The Succession — Views of France — French Ambassadors at Greenwich — Three Marriages — Northumberland matures his Plans — He finds Difficulties — He persuades Edward — The King's "Device" — Opposition of the Council, and of the Judges — The Judges and the Letters Patent — The Letters Patent are drawn and signed — Conduct of Cranmer — Cranmer signs at Edward's Entreaty — Features in the King's Disease — Doubtful Humour of the People — Mary is warned to fly to Norfolk — The King dies
Chapter XXX	Queen Jane and Queen Mary	Flight of Mary, contrary to the Advice of Renard — The King's Death is concealed — Lady Jane Grey — Lady Jane at Sion House — The Council accept her as Queen — Edward's Death is acknowledged — News from Mary, who writes to the Lords — Letter of Mary — Agitation in the Tower — Guilford Dudley and the Crown — Mary is required to submit — Mary's Friends show themselves SO The Duke's Dilemma — Troops to be sent against Mary, which the Duke must lead — The Duke leaves London — Lord Pembroke — Revolt of the Fleet and the Army — Sunday during the Crisis — Sandys preaches at Cambridge — The Country and the Ultra-Protestants — The French are invited to England — The Council meet at Baynard's Castle — Pembroke declares for Mary — Lady Jane Grey in the Tower — Proclamation of Mary — Arrest of the Duke and of Dr. Sandys — Burial of Edward — The Queen's Marriage — The Emperor and the Queen's Marriage — The Emperor advises Caution — Gardiner returns to the Council — Conspirators sent to the Tower — The Queen and Renard — Intentions of Mary — Mary enters London — Advice of Renard — Elizabeth — Restoration of the Catholic Bishops — General good Intention — The Hot Gospeller — The First Mass — Quarrel among the Council — Sermon at Paul's Cross — Northumberland's Trial — The Trials — Northumberland under Sentence — The Recantation — Northumberland pleads for Mercy — The Executions — The Reaction — The Queen recovers her Influence — The Purging of Convocation — Arrest of Latimer — Conduct of Cranmer — Arrest of Cranmer — Reginald Pole — Visit of Commendone to England — England and the Papacy — Philip is proposed for Mary — Parties in England — Humours of the Council — Elizabeth and the Mass — Lord Courtenay — The Coronation — The Spanish Marriage — Composition of Parliament — The Opening of the Session — Preliminary Discussions — Disposition of Parliament — Debate in Convocation — Opinion of Gardiner — Opinion of Paget — Impending Fate of Cranmer — Petition of the Commons — The Queen's Reply — The Succession — Menace of Rebellion — The Queen is treacherous — Her Fear of Elizabeth
Chapter XXXI	The Spanish Marriage	Conflict of Parties — Advice of Pole — The Marriage Articles — The Queen in Haste — Renard hesitates — The Queen is resolute — Arrival of Egmont — Conclusion of the Treaty — Alarm of France — Conspiracy of the Opposition — Plans of the Confederates — Disaffection in Devonshire — Carew at Exeter — Order for Carew's Arrest — Wyatt raises Kent — Mary and Philip — Flight of Suffolk — The Duke of Norfolk sent to Rochester — The Ambassador's Despatches — Norfolk at Rochester — The Londoners desert — Storming of Cowling Castle — Danger of the Court — The Queen's Message to Wyatt — Count Egmont departs — The Queen at the Guildhall — The Duke of Suffolk — State of Coventry — Suffolk and his Brother are taken Prisoners — Wyatt at Southwark — Distractions among the Council — Wyatt crosses the Thames — Wyatt marches on London — The Night at Whitehall — Wyatt at St. James's — Wyatt and the Train-Bands — Skirmish at Charing Cross — Wyatt is taken — The Queen's Revenge — Lady Jane Grey — Death of Suffolk — Elizabeth — Factions in the Council — The Proxy Marriage — Expectations of the Catholics — Intended Scenes at Oxford — Gardiner and the Protestants — Creation of Catholic Peers — The Refugees in France — Perils of Elizabeth — Elizabeth and the Tower — Elizabeth writes to the Queen — Letter of Elizabeth to the Queen — Elizabeth is sent to the Tower — Protest of the Lords — Renard and Queen — Meeting of Parliament — The Marriage Bill — Elizabeth in the Tower — Execution of Wyatt — Acquittal of Throgmorton — The Succession — Heresy Bills — Gardiner presses the passing of the Heresy Bills — The Heresy Bill is lost — Quarrels in the Council — Lord Howard and Chappelle — Mary's Troubles — Arrival of Philip — Arrival of Philip at Southampton — The Wet Bide to Winchester — The Marriage — War in Belgium — The Emperor at Namur
Chapter XXXII	Reconciliation with Rome	Reconciliation with Rome — Reginald Pole — The Entry into London — The Spaniards in London — Philip desires to leave England — Bonner's Articles — Weakness of the Opposition — Approaching Parliament — The Elections — The Roman Question — Pole's Return — The Journey — The Salutation — The Conception — The Reunion — Speech of Pole — Parliament will accept Reconciliation — St. Andrew's Day — The Petition — The Absolution — Letter to the Pope — Exultation at Rome — Petition of the Clergy — The Act of Reconciliation — The Heresy Statutes are passed — The Regency Bill — Dissolution of Parliament — The Catholic Reaction — The Persecution — The Legate's Injunctions — Trial and Sentence of Hooper and Rogers — Rogers is taken to Smithfield — Hooper is sent to Gloucester — Hooper at Gloucester — Martyrdom of Hooper — Hooper's Letter to his Friends — Effect on the People — A feeble Conspiracy — Advice of Renard to Philip — Advice of Renard
Chapter XXXIII	The Martyrs	Fresh Martyrdom — Martyrdom of Hunter Ferrars, Bishop of St. David's — Pause in the Persecution — Prospects of Peace — The Queen's Confinement — Litanies and Processions — The Papacy — Schemes of the Spaniards — The Queen's Condition — The Persecution — Burning of Cardmaker — The Child is not born — Prospect of the Country — Release of Elizabeth — Mary and Elizabeth — Intended Abdication of the Emperor — Philip leaves England — News of Philip — Trial of Cranmer — Ridley and Latimer — The new Pope — Death of Gardiner — Meeting of Parliament — The Restoration of First-fruits — The Crown and the Annates — The House of Commons — The Queen's Disappointment — Dissolution of Parliament — The Queen's Despondency — Correspondence with Philip — Archbishop Cranmer — The Legate's Letter — The Recantation — St, Mary's Church — The Martyrdom — The Stake
Chapter XXXIV	Calais	A Rendezvous for Malcontents — The Dudley Conspiracy — The Queen and the People — The Persecution — The Queen and the Lords — The Refugees — War in Italy — Designs on Calais — The Harvest again fails — The Legate's Admonition — Commission for the Persecution — Bucer and Fagius — Spirit of the Protestants — Philip in England — The Attempt at Scarborough — Paul IV. and Pole — St Quentin — Peace with the Papacy — A forced Loan — Parliament again to meet — Calais — Guisnes — Consultation of Parliament — Parliament grants Money — Defences of the Country — National Despondency — Pestilence — The Martyrs — Battle of Gravelines — Prospects of General Peace — The Calais Difficulty — Mission of De Feria — Elizabeth — Death of Mary — Character of Mary — Results of the Reign — Character of Pole — Causes of the Persecution — The Persecution and its Effects
The Reign of Elizabeth
Chapter I		Accession of Queen Elizabeth — Popular Unanimity — Death of Cardinal Pole — Condition of the Finances — Social Changes — State of Parties — Effect on the Nation of the Marian Persecution — Creed of Elizabeth — Mission of the Count de Feria — Sir William Cecil — The Privy Council at Hatfield — Address of the Queen — The Court removes to London — Changes in the Council — Proposals for Ecclesiastical Reform submitted to Cecil — Opinion of Goodrich — Final Resolution — Revision of Edward's Prayer-book — Anxiety of the Spanish Ambassador — The Queen's Marriage — The Conference at Cercamp — Proposal for a Secret Peace with France — Philip offers his Hand to Elizabeth — The Coronation — Opening of Parliament — Elizabeth's Statesmen — Speech from the Throne — The Subsidy — The Commons request the Queen to marry — Answer of Elizabeth — The Supremacy Bill — Protest of Convocation against the Alteration of Religion — Speech of the Archbishop of York — Elizabeth declines to marry Philip — National Defences and State of the Navy — Calais — Peace concluded with France — Speeches in Parliament on the Supremacy Bill — Reports of De Feria — Lady Catherine Grey — Theological Controversy at Westminster — The Supremacy is reannexed to the Crown — De Feria and Philip — The Church of England — Restoration of the English Prayer-book — Embarrassment of Philip — De Feria leaves England — Lord Robert Dudley
Chapter II		The Clergy and the Reformation — The Bishops refuse the Oath of Supremacy — Alvarez de Quadra, Bishop of Aquila, comes to England in the Place of De Feria . — Letter of De Quadra to Philip — The Queen's Suitors — Remonstrances of Philip — Relations with Scotland — The Scotch Reformation — John Knox — Burning of Walter Milne — Mary Stuart assumes the English Arms and Style — Outbreak at Perth — Knox preaches at St. Andrew's — Destruction of the Abbeys — The Scots apply to England for Help — Proposed Marriage of the Earl of Arran and Elizabeth — Cecil encourages the Scots — Death of the King of France — Designs of France upon the English Crown — Dilemma of Elizabeth — Letter of Knox — The Scotch Protestants are dispersed — Advice of Cecil to them — Arguments for and against Interference in Scotland — Sir Ralph Sadler is sent to the Border with Money — The Earl of Arran in England — Temper of the Scots — Elizabeth, to humour the Spaniards, gives Hopes that she will marry the Archduke Charles of Austria — Elizabeth and De Quadra — The Crucifix is replaced in the Royal Chapel — De Quadra's Opinion of the Queen — The English Nobility in Favour of the Austrian Marriage — Arran returns to Scotland — Elizabeth threatens France — Preparations for War — Weakness of the Scotch Protestants — Debate in the English Council — Plan for a Union of the Crowns of England and Scotland — Opinions of the Spanish Minister as to Elizabeth's Prospects — Uncertainty in England — Sir Nicholas Bacon declares against Interference — Elizabeth determines to persevere, and the English Fleet sails for the Forth — Letters of De Quadra — Consecration of Archbishop Parker
Chapter III		Difficulties of the Court of Spain — Elizabeth again hesitates — D'Oysel with the French Army invades Fife — Influence of Cecil — A French Fleet, going with Reinforcements to Leith, is lost in a Storm — Admiral Winter arrives in the Forth — The French Transports on the Coast of Fife are destroyed — Escape of D'Oysel — Philip proposes to send a Spanish Force into Scotland — Conference at Berwick — Fresh Alliance between Elizabeth and the Scotch Protestants — Naval Preparations of England — Despair of the Catholics — De Quadra urges Philip to interfere in England — The Conspiracy of Amboise — Uncertain Humour of the Northern English Counties — Mission of the Bishop of Valence — The English Army enters Scotland — Their cold Reception — Skirmish at Leith — An Armistice and fresh Efforts of Diplomacy — Menaces of Philip — Elizabeth refuses to recall her Troops — Distrust of the Scots — Situation of the French — Siege of Leith — Frauds in the English Army — Unsuccessful Assault of Leith — Despondency of Elizabeth — Religious Disturbances in France — Distress of the Garrison in Leith — Cecil goes to Scotland — Elizabeth and a Papal Nuncio — Death of Mary of Lorraine — Conference at Edinburgh — The Treaty of Leith and the Departure of the French — General Results of the War — Position of the King of Spain
Chapter IV		Return of Cecil to the Court — Ecclesiastical Character of the Reformation in Scotland — The Confession of Faith . — Dissatisfaction in England — The Scotch Estates request Elizabeth in Form to marry the Earl of Arran — Cecil is out of Favour with Elizabeth — He proposes to retire from the Public Service — Relations between the Queen and Lord Robert Dudley — Communication of Cecil to De Quadra — Death of Lady Dudley — Inquest at Cumnor — Suspicion of Foul Play — Subsequent Declaration of Lady Dudley's Half-Brother — General Expectation that the Queen will marry Lord Robert Dudley — Opinion of Lord Sussex — Fresh Dangers from France — Sir N. Throgmorton protests against the Dudley Marriage — Death of Francis the Second — Elizabeth declines the Earl of Arran — Resentment of the Scots — State of Parties in France — Projected Catholic League — Secret Advances through Sir Henry Sidney are made to the Spanish Ambassador — The Queen and the Dudley Marriage — Advice of Lord Paget — The Queen of Scots and her Subjects — Parties in Scotland — Advances of Lord R. Dudley to the Spanish Ambassador — Interview between Elizabeth and De Quadra — The House of Lennox — Elizabeth is invited to admit a Nuncio from the Pope — Conditions on which Elizabeth will take Part in a General Council — Tulip and Lord Robert Dudley — Refusal to admit the Nuncio — The Burning of St. Paul's — A Water Party on the Thames — Addresses of the Scots to Mary Stuart — Lord James Stuart invites Elizabeth to recognize Mary Stuart as her Heir-Presumptive — Mary Stuart refuses to ratify the Treaty of Edinburgh — She prepares to return to Scotland — Letter of Elizabeth to the Scotch Estates — Mary Stuart sails from Calais — Consequences expected from her Return
Chapter V		Mary Stuart lands at Leith — Her Welcome to Holyrood — Interview with Knox — The Scots agree to support her Claims on the English Succession — Proposed Marriage of Mary Stuart with Lord Darnley — Lady Catherine Grey is found to have been married secretly to Lord Hertford — The Treaty of Edinburgh remains unratified — Protestant Riots — Suggestion of an Interview between the two Queens — The Conference at Poissy — The Huguenots at Paris — Elizabeth and Lord Robert Dudley — Apostasy of the King of Navarre — Uncertain Attitude of Philip — Lady Margaret Lennox — The Duke of Guise — The Massacre of Vassy — Civil War in France — Sir N. Throgmorton entreats Elizabeth to support the Huguenots — The Bishop of Aquila and his Secretary — Discovery of Catholic Intrigues in England — The Recognition of the Queen of Scots — Conspiracy of Arran and Bothwell — Elizabeth desires the Interview with the Queen of Scots — Opposition of Sir N. Bacon — Probable Coalition of the Catholic Powers — The Interview is abandoned — The Laws against the Catholics are enforced more strictly — The Civil War in France — The Prince of Condé offers Havre to Elizabeth as the Price of Assistance — Alliance between Elizabeth and Condi — Want of Sincerity on both Sides — The English occupy Havre — Siege of Rouen — Conspiracy of the Poles — Elizabeth is attacked by Small-pox — Philip requires Elizabeth to abstain from Interference in France — Death of the King of Navarre, and the Fall of Rouen — Condé takes the Field — Unsuccessful Negotiation for Peace — The Battle of Dreux — Expedition of Mary Stuart to Inverness — Battle of Corrichie Burn — Mary Stuart again demands her Recognition
Chapter VI		Reform of the English Currency — Condition of England — Character of Cecil — Social Disorganization — State of the Clergy — Deans and Chapters — Ruinous Condition of the Parish Churches — Temper of the Country Clergy — Difficulties of the Bishops — The English Catholics apply to the Pope for Permission to attend the English Service — The Request is Refused — Sir N. Throgmorton is taken Prisoner by the Duke of Guise — The English Catholics are threatened with Persecution . — Meeting of Parliament — Debate on the Succession — Penal Laws against the Catholics — Petition to the Queen to name a Successor — Trial of Bonner — Story of Chatelar — Murder of the Duke of Guise — Proposed Marriage between Mary Stuart and Don Carlos — Elizabeth wishes her to marry Lord Robert Dudley — Speech of the Queen in Parliament — Proceedings of Convocation — The Civil War in France is brought to an End — Elizabeth refuses to evacuate Havre — War with France — Siege of Havre — The Plague attacks the Garrison — Surrender of Havre — The Plague in London — Philip consents to the Marriage between the Queen of Scots and Don Carlos — Death of De Quadra — The Marriage of the Queen of Scots with a safe Person is made a Condition of her Recognition — Knox protests against her Marriage with a Catholic — He sends Warning to Cecil — Elizabeth again attempts to work on the Queen of Scots — The Carlos Project cools — S Relations between England and Spain
Chapter VII		Ireland under Queen Mary — Habits and Character of the People — The especial Wretchedness of the Pale — Report of 1559 — The King of Spain declines the Advances of the Irish Chiefs — The Scotch in Antrim — The O'Neil and his Children — Election of Shan O'Neil by Tanistry — Schemes of Shan for the Ulster Sovereignty — Philip again discourages an Irish Rebellion — Loyalty of the Earl of Kildare — Letter of Shan O'Neil to Elizabeth — The English Government proposes to invade Ulster — Shan carries off the Countess of Argyle — Skirmish at Armagh — Defeat of the Earl of Sussex — Attempt to procure the Assassination of Shan — Second Invasion of Ulster — Shan goes to London — Shan at the Court of Elizabeth — Murder of the Baron of Dungannon — Indentures between Shan and Elizabeth, and Return of Shan to Ireland — Fresh Treachery of Sussex — Shan again rebels — The Countess — Disageements between the Irish Council and the Earl of Sussex (4 Campaign in Ulster — Irish Successes — Second attempt to assassinate Shan — Triumph of Shan — Inquiry into the Disorders of the Pale — Sir Nicholas Arnold — Desolation of Munster
Chapter VIII		War with France — Negotiations for Peace — The Peace of Troyes — Conspiracies to Murder Elizabeth — Defences of England — The French Embassy at Bekesbourne — Improved Relations with Spain — The Succession — Mary Stuart and Lord Robert Dudley — The Earl of Bothwell — Mary Stuart prefers Darnley — Elizabeth urges Lord Robert — Book of John Hales on the Succession — Objections to Darnley in Scotland — Guzman De Silva comes to England — Reception of De Silva at the Court — A Party at Richmond — The Dudley Marriage — Elizabeth at Cambridge — Disorders in the Church — Fresh Thoughts of the Archduke Charles — Sir James Melville — Lord Robert Dudley is created Earl of Leicester — Delay of Parliament — Mary Stuart's Friends in England — Conversation between Elizabeth and De — The Scotch Succession — Instructions to Bedford and Randolph — State of Feeling in Scotland — Conference at Berwick — Final Demands of the Scots — Reply of Cecil — David Ritzio — - AfFected Compliance of Mary Stuart — Proposed Marriage between Elizabeth and the King of France — Darnley goes to Scotland — The Settlement of the Succession is postponed — Discipline of the Church of England — Marriage of the Clergy — The Queen and the Bishops — The Queen insists on the Observance of the Act of Uniformity — The Queen at Paul's Cross — Archbishop Parker remonstrates — Ecclesiastical Commission at Lambeth — Riots in London — Letter of Parker to Cecil — Alarm in Scotland — Scene at the Market Cross at Edinburgh — The Queen of Scots resolves to marry Darnley — Approbation of Philip and the Duke of Alva — Agitation at the English Court — Attitude of Murray — Sir Nicholas Throgmorton at Stirling — Character of Darnley — Probable Consequence of the Darnley Marriage — Resolutions of Council — A Game at Chess — The Archduke again
Chapter IX		State of Parties in Scotland — Strength of Mary Stuart's Position — Lennox and Darnley are ordered to return to England — Elizabeth invites the Scotch Protestants to rebel, and promises to assist them . — Measures in the General Assembly — Renewed Promises of Support from England — Randolph expostulates with Mary Stuart — Lennox and Darnley throw off their Allegiance to Elizabeth — Marriage of Mary Stuart and Darnley — Mission^of Tamworth — Irresolution of Elizabeth — The Lords of the Congregation in Arms — Mary Stuart takes the Field — Retreat of the Lords — Elizabeth determines to break her Promise — The Archduke — Marriage of Lady Mary Grey — Debate in the English Council — Resolution not to interfere in Scotland — The Lords of the Congregation at Dumfries — Flight of the Lords into England — Remonstrance of the Earl of Bedford — Murray goes to London — Reception of Murray by the Queen — Private Protest of Murray — Letter of Elizabeth to Mary Stuart — Questionable Instructions to Randolph — Anticipated Consequence of Elizabeth's Conduct — Resentment of Argyle — Advice of Sir N. Throgmorton to Mary Stuart — Mischievous Influence of Ritzio — Mary Stuart applies for Help to Philip — Philip communicates with the Pope — Elizabeth begins to recover herself — Catholic League in Europe — Differences between Mary Stuart and her Husband — The Crown Matrimonial — Mary Stuart and Ritzio — Divisions among the Scotch Protestants — Conspiracy to murder Ritzio and restore Murray — Randolph is expelled from Scotland — Sketch of the Plot — Intended Attainder of Murray — The Queen's Rooms at Holyrood — Murder of Ritzio — Return of Murray — Escape of Mary Stuart to Dunbar — Return in Form to Edinburgh — Flight of the Conspirators — Letter of Morton and Ruthven to Cecil
Chapter X		Popularity of Mary Stuart in England — General Character of Elizabeth's Policy — Prospects of the Queen of Scots — Treachery of Darnley — Argyle threatens to join Shan O'Neil — A Spy at Holyrood — Letter of Elizabeth to the Queen of Scots — Birth of James Stuart — The Archduke or Leicester — Increasing Strength of Mary Stuart's Party — Elizabeth visits Oxford — Position of Darnley in Scotland — Mary Stuart and Bothwell — Intended Flight of Darnley to England — The Scotch Council at Holyrood — Meeting of the English Parliament — The Bishops' Bill — The Succession — The Queen promises to marry — The Queen and De Silva — Parliament resolves to address the Queen on the Succession — Presentation of the Address — Reply of Elizabeth — Irritation of the House of Commons — Question of Privilege — Remonstrance — Speech of Mr. Dalton — The Queen yields — Subsidy Bill — The Thirty-nine Articles — De Silva and Elizabeth — Proposed Covenant between the two Queens — Close of the Session — Speech of Elizabeth — The Queen of Scots at Jedburgh — Her dangerous Illness — Differences with Darnley — Consultation at Craigmillar — Bond for the Destruction of Darnley — Baptism of James, and Recall of Morton Illness of Darnley at Glasgow — Mary Stuart visits him — Letter to Bothwell — Plan of Kirk-a-Field — Darnley is removed thither from Glasgow — The last Night — Murder of Darnley — Effect on the Catholics in England
Chapter XI		The English Army in Ireland — Sir T. Stukely — Irish Policy of the Tudor Sovereigns — Projects for Irish Reform — The Primacy — Shan O'Neil defeats the Scots — Invasion of Connaught — Sir Henry Sidney appointed Deputy — The Presidency of Munster — Sidney lands in Ireland — Shan O'Neil at Home — Sidney demands Men and Money — Anger and Hesitation of Elizabeth — Alliance between O'Neil and Argyle — Shan O'Neil writes for Assistance to France — Sidney ineffectually demands his Recall — Plan for a Campaign — The Ormond and Desmond Controversy — Troops are sent from England under Col. Edward Randolph — Desmond refuses to join Shan — The Antrim Scots — Sidney invades Ulster — Col. Randolph at Derry — Success of Sidney — Ill-humour of Elizabeth and Advice of Cecil — Defeat of Shan and Death of Col. Randolph — The Scots attack Shan — Pestilence at Derry — Final Ruin of the Settlement — Shan's last Battle — Death of Shan
Chapter XII		English Sailors before the Sixteenth Century — Voyage of John Cabot — England and Spain — First Expansion of the English Navy — The Merchant Adventurers — The African Slave Trade — Foreign Trade at the Accession of Elizabeth — Alarms and Comments of Cecil — Decay of the Fisheries — Foreign Fishermen in the English Waters — Cecil's Fast — English Gentlemen on the Coast — The Channel Privateers — English Outrages and Spanish Reprisals — English Sailors and the Inquisition — Petition of Dorothy Seeley — Englishmen burnt in Spain — Ill-usage of Englishmen in Spanish Prisons — Exploit of Thomas Cobham — Commissions to prey on Papists — Privateers and Pirates — The Channel and the Thames — Piracy of English Men-of-War — Arrest of English Ships in Spain — The Ports of England closed against the Flemings — Sufferings of English Prisoners — Elizabeth attempts to repress Piracy — The Pirates in Ireland — Conference at Bruges — The Negro Trade — First Slaving Voyage of John Hawkins — Second Voyage — Profits of the Adventure — Third Voyage — Scene in Plymouth Harbour and last Protest of the Spanish Ambassador
Chapter XIII		The Murder of Darnley — Holyrood on the — th of February S Reward offered for the Discovery of the Murderers . . — Excitement in Edinburgh — The Queen goes to Seton — Lennox requires her to assemble the Nobility — The Queen refuses — Political Importance of the Murder — Public Opinion in Paris — Letter of the Spanish Ambassador in London — Opinion in England — Sir Henry Killegrew sent to Scotland — Letter of Elizabeth to the Queen of Scots — Reception of Killegrew at Holyrood — History of the Conspiracy against Darnley — Preparations for the Trial of Bothwell — Rumour of the intended Marriage between the Queen and Bothwell — Remonstrances of the Queen's Friends — Bothwell makes Advances to Murray — Murray leaves Scotland — Murray in London — Lennox petitions for a Postponement of the Trial — The Petition is supported by Elizabeth — Scene at Holyrood on the 12th of April — The High Court of Justice — Acquittal of Bothwell — Meeting of the Scottish Parliament — Ainslie's Supper — The Lords apply to Elizabeth — Letter from Grange to Cecil — Second Letter of Elizabeth to the Queen of Scots — Difficulties in Bothwell's Position — Conspiracy to carry off the Queen — The Queen at Stirling — Bothwell carries the Queen to Dunbar — Combination of the Lords — Application to Elizabeth — Bothwell divorced from his Wife — Bothwell and the Queen return to Edinburgh — The Queen marries Bothwell — Coldness of France towards the Queen — The Bishop of Dunblane is sent to Paris — Resolution of the Lords to seize Bothwell — Borthwick Castle — Ballad on the Murder of Darnley — Bothwell and the Queen advance on Edinburgh — Carberry Hill — Flight of Bothwell and Capture of the Queen — Conversation between Maitland and Du Croc — The Queen refuses to abandon Bothwell — Proposal to kill the Queen — Lochleven Castle — Proclamation of the Lords
Chapter XIV		Mission of De Villeroy — Elizabeth declares against the Lords — Sir Nicholas Throgmorton is sent to Scotland — Elizabeth promises to help the Queen — Hamilton and Stuart Factions — Statement of Sir James Balfour — Seizure of the Casket Letters — Effect of the Discovery — Difference of Opinion between Elizabeth and her Council — Arrival of Throgmorton at Edinburgh — Danger of Mary Stuart — Knox advises her Execution — Maitland's Opinion of Elizabeth — Elizabeth threatens to invade Scotland — Return of Murray from France — Conversation between Murray and the Spanish Ambassador — Throgmorton demands the Release of the Queen — The Lords propose to bring her to Trial — The Queen abdicates — Coronation of James VI — Effect of Elizabeth's Interference — Elizabeth in Correspondence with the Hamiltons — The Hamiltons ready to consent to the Queen's Death — Maitland and Throgmorton — Advances of France to Murray — Mary Stuart's Prison — Interview between Murray and his Sister — Murray Regent of Scotland — Extreme Displeasure of Elizabeth — She creates a Faction for the Queen — Murray pacifies Scotland — Grange goes in Pursuit of Bothwell, who escapes to Denmark — The Regent on the Borders — Puritans and Catholics — Elizabeth's Marriage — The Archduke Charles again — Lord Sussex goes to Vienna — Difficulties of Religion — The Negotiation is suspended — Catholic Reaction in England — Philip II. expected in the Low Countries — Elizabeth and Leicester — The Archduke declines to come to England — Death of Lady Catherine Grey — Sussex threatens Leicester — The Uncertainty of the Succession — Letter of the Spanish Ambassador to Philip II — Good Feeling of Philip towards Elizabeth
Chapter XV		The Hamiltons make a Party for Mary Stuart — Excellence of Murray's Government — Reaction in Favour of the Queen — The Craigmillar Bond — Meeting of the Scotch Parliament — Declaratory Act against the Queen — George Douglas — Plans for the Escape of the Queen — The Queen leaves Lochleven — The Gathering at Hamilton — Elizabeth proposes to mediate — Letter of Elizabeth to the Queen of Scots — Murray at Glasgow — Langside — Defeat of the Queen's Army — Flight of Mary Stuart to the Solway — Uncertainty as to her future Course — She crosses to England — Reception in Cumberland — Perplexity in Elizabeth's Council — Mary Stuart at Carlisle Castle — She is placed in Charge of Sir Francis Knollys and Lord Scrope — Knollys' Impression of Mary Stuart's Character — Lord Herries and Lord Fleming go up to Elizabeth — Elizabeth prohibits further Hostilities — She declines to see the Queen of Scots — Replenishment of Mary Stuart's Wardrobe — Mary Stuart clamours to be heard — Threatened Investigation into the Murder of Darnley . — Fleming wishes to bribe^Cecil — Elizabeth and Lord Herries — Preparation for the Enquiry — Removal of Mary Stuart to Bolton — Elizabeth's Difficulties — Plan for assimilating the Kirk to the Church of England — Mary Stuart professes Conformity — Religious Conferences with Sir F. Knollys — The French expected in Scotland — Letter of Lord Hemes to the English Council — Intention of Elizabeth in the Enquiry into the Murder of Darnley — Commission appointed to sit at York — The Duke of Norfolk appointed President — Proposed Marriage between Norfolk and Mary Stuart — Opening of the Commission — Insincerity of all Parties except Murray — Conditions on which Murray will advance his Charges — Attempt to hush up the Enquiry — The Commission is transferred to London
Chapter XVI		Piety and Dogmatic Theology — Growth of the Principle of Toleration — Religious Parties in France — Calvinism — Extinction of Protestantism in Spain — State of the Low Countries — Philip IL and Heresy — Last Injunctions of Charles V — The Regent Margaret — Insurrection of the United Provinces against the Edicts — The Duke of Alva arrives at Brussels — Defeat of Count Louis of Jemmingen — Lutheran Tendencies of Elizabeth — Scene in the Streets of London — The Privateers — Expulsion of the English Ambassador from Spain — Don Guerau de Espes — Cardinal Chatillon is received in England — Mary Stuart's Suitors — Resumption of the Enquiry into the Murder of Darnley — Mary Stuart endeavours to stifle it — The Conference at Westminster — Murray accuses the Queen — Protests of the Queen's Commissioners — Murray produces the Casket Letters — The English Nobles pronounce them Genuine — Elizabeth advises the Queen of Scots to confirm her abdication — Advice of Sir Francis Knollys — Gloomy Prospects of the Protestants on the Continent . — Toleration — Relations between Elizabeth and the Huguenots — Expedition of Sir John Hawkins to the Spanish Main — Destruction of the English Squadron at St. Jean de Luz — Spanish Treasure Ships in the English Harbours — Letter of Sir Arthur Champernowne — The Treasure is seized — Arrest of English Ships in the Low Countries — Probability of War with Spain — The Queen of Scots' Friends meditate Insurrection . — Differences of Opinion among the English Catholics — Arrest of the Spanish Ambassador — Factions in Elizabeth's Council — The Queen of Scots refuses to repeat her Abdication . — The Bishop of Ely — Plot to murder Murray — Lord Arundel works upon Elizabeth — Close of the Enquiry — Indignation of Sir F. Knollys — General Remarks on the Evidence against the Queen of Scots — Private Opinion of the Bishop of Ross
Chapter XVII		Catholic Reaction in England — Review of the Condition of the Realm by Sir Wm. Cecil — Policy recommended by Cecil to the Queen — Discontent of the English Aristocracy — Philip adopts unwillingly the Cause of the Queen of Scots — Description of Parties in England by Don Guerau — Conflicting Schemes in Favour of Mary Stuart — Proposed Marriage between Mary Stuart and the Duke of Norfolk — Conversation between Norfolk and Murray — Part of the Council in Favour of the Marriage — Double Dealing of Norfolk — Trade opened with Hamburgh — English Rovers under the Flag of the Prince of Conde — The Queen of Scots placed in Charge of Lord Shrewsbury — Danger of War with France — England protected by Spun — Irritation of Elizabeth against Cecil — Death of the Prince of Condé — Arundel and Norfolk conspire against Cecil — Intended Rebellion — France and Spain — The Norfolk Marriage — Plan to destroy Cecil — Cecil separates Norfolk from the Catholic Lords — Proposals for Mary Stuart's Restoration — Pretended Illness of Mary Stuart — The Council communicate with her about her Marriage with Norfolk — Her Answer — Difficulties in Scotland — Elizabeth determines to restore her — Capture of Paris the Page — The Lords of Scotland refuse to receive the Queen — The Catholic Nobility in England prepare to rebel — They are rejoined by Norfolk — Vote of the Council in Favour of Mary Stuart's Succession — Elizabeth removes to Richmond — Norfolk fears to ask her to consent to his Marriage with the Queen of Scots — Letter of Don Guerau to Alva — Elizabeth forbids the Marriage — Norfolk leaves the Court — Mary Stuart urges him to take Arms — He retires to Framlingham — Seizure of the Queen of Scots' Papers — The Duke of Norfolk being summoned to the Queen's Presence, after some Hesitation obeys — He is arrested and committed to the Tower —
Chapter XVIII		Fresh Uncertainties about the Queen of Scots — Resolution to hold her a Prisoner — Investigation into the Conspiracy — Norfolk promises to think no more of the Queen of Scots — Temper of the Northern Counties — Christofer Norton at Bolton Castle — The intended Rebellion disconcerted — Council at Topcliff — Chapin Vitelli comes to England — Enforcement of the Act of Uniformity — Proposal to seize York — The Earls of Westmoreland and Northumberland — Outbreak of the Insurrection — The Gathering at Raby — Mass in Durham Cathedral — Lord Sussex at York — The Earls march for Tutbury to release the Queen of Scots — Preparations of Alva — She is carried to Coventry — The Southern Counties remain quiet, and the Earls retire — Universal Disloyalty in Yorkshire — Elizabeth raises an Army — The Earl of Westmoreland takes Barncastle — The Queen's Forces arrive at Doncaster — The Earls fly to Scotland — Conversation between Elizabeth and La Mothe Fénelon . — The Spaniards seek a Reconciliation with her — Causes of the Failure of the Rebellion — Address of the Gentlemen of Lincolnshire to Philip II — Murray and Maitland of Lidington — Arrest of Maitland — Capture of the Earl of Northumberland — The Earl of Westmoreland at Jedburgh — Elizabeth demands the Extradition of the Rebels — Lord Hunsdon's Opinion of her Conduct — Punishment of the Insurgents — The Sufferers chiefly the least guilty — Extreme Severity towards the poorer Classes — Principles of English Justice — Sir Robert Constable employed to entrap the Earl of Westmoreland — Murray's Position in Scotland — The Hamilton* conspire to kill him — Bothwellhauph and his Brothers — Murder of Murray at Linlithgow — Character of Murray — Feeling in Scotland — Leonard Dacres at Naworth — Battle on the Gelt River, and Flight of Dacres — Letter from Elizabeth to Lord Hunsdon
Chapter XIX		Situation of the European Powers — Good Fortune of Elizabeth — The New and the Old Creed in England — Manifesto of Elizabeth to the English Nation — Sense in which the Queen was Head of the Church — The Pope determines to excommunicate Elizabeth — Letter of the Pope to the Earls of Westmoreland and Northumberland — Plans for the Escape of the Queen of Scots — Reply of Elizabeth to the demands of France for the Queen of Scots' Release — State of Parties in France — Elizabeth's Intentions towards the Queen of Scots — Change in the Scotch Character produced by the Reformation — Funeral of the Regent Murray — Randolph at Edinburgh — Unwillingness of Elizabeth to support the Scotch Protestants — The Catholic Refugees — Maitland of Lidington — Maitland and Knox — Letter of Maitland to Elizabeth — The Catholic Nobles replaced in the English Council — Catholic Convention at Linlithgow — The Earl of Sussex invades Scotland — The Harrying of the Border — Correspondence of Mary Stuart with the Catholic Powers . — Divisions among the Catholics in England — Danger of War with France — Letter of Elizabeth to the Earl of Sussex — Morton insists on her declaring openly for King James . — Negotiations for the Restoration of the Queen of Scots — The Bishop of Ross — Second Invasion of Scotland — Destruction of Hamilton Castle — Publication in London of the Bull of Excommunication — Meeting of the Council — Speech of Sir N. Bacon — Speech of Lord Arundel — Plans for a Rebellion in England — Symptoms of Disaffection among the Catholic Nobles 70 Temper of Elizabeth — Prospect of Peace in France — The Earl of Lennox declared Regent of Scotland — The Privateers in the Channel — Reluctance of Philip to quarrel with England — Opinions of Bacon and Cecil on the proposed Restoration of the Queen of Scots — Arrest and Execution of Felton — Seizure of Dr. Story at Antwerp — Efforts of the English Catholics to rouse the Duke of Alva — Alva refuses to move — Intrigues of Maitland — Correspondence between Maitland and Sussex — Elizabeth seriously resolves to reinstate Mary Stuart — Letter from Lady Lennox to Cecil — Conditions of the Restoration — Maitland at Blair Athol — Cecil is sent down to Chatsworth — The Norfolk Marriage
Chapter XX		English Commerce in 1570 — Protestantism and Privateering — The Puritans — Catholic Reaction — The Church at Northampton — Articles of Faith — Thomas Cartwright at Cambridge — Whitgift and High Anglicanism — Cecil and Mary Stuart — Peace in France — Sir Francis Walsingham — Parties in the French Court — Suggestion of a Marriage between Elizabeth and the Duke of Anjou — Review of the Situation by Cecil — Cecil favours the Anjou Marriage — Elizabeth opens the Question with the French Ambassador — Debate in the Council — Report of La Mothe Fénelon on Elizabeth's Private Character — Conversation between Lord Buckhurst and Catherine de Medici — Anxiety of Walsingham for the Marriage with Anjou138 Commission in London for the Restoration of the Queen of Scots — Objections raised by Morton — The Commission is suspended — Mary Stuart determines to throw herself upon Spain — Alva seeks a Reconciliation with Elizabeth — Indignation of the Pope — The Pope and the Spanish Ambassador at Rome — The Bishop of Ross writes to the Duchess of Feria — The Pope urges Philip to declare against Elizabeth . — Ridolfi — The Duke of Norfolk and the Catholic Conspiracy — The Catholic Peers determine to petition Spain for Assistance — Letter of the Spanish Ambassador to Philip — Petition of the Queen of Scots — Petition of the Duke of Norfolk — Departure of Ridolfi — Capture of Dumbarton Castle — Execution of the Archbishop of St Andrew's
Chapter XXI		Unwillingness of Elizabeth to encounter a Parliament . — The Succession to the Crown — Prospects of Mary Stuart — Necessity that Parliament must meet — Catholic Conspiracy to seize Elizabeth's Person — Defeated through the Cowardice of the Duke of Norfolk — Beginning of the Session — Temper of the Lower House — Collision between the Queen and the Commons — Puritan Legislation — The Thirty-nine Articles — Marriage of the Clergy — Bill for Attendance at the Communion — Bill for the Protection of the Queen — Act of Attainder against the Northern Insurgents — A Subsidy — The Parliament ends — Ridolfi at Brussels — Letter of Alva to Philip — Elizabeth to be killed or captured — Ridolfi sends Home a favourable Report — His Messenger, Charles Baily, is taken at Dover — Lord Cobham and the Bishop of Ross — Cecil and his Instruments — Charles Baily in the Marshalsea — Intercepted Correspondence — Baily is racked — Confession of Baily — Examination of the Bishop of Ross — Execution of Dr. Story — Relations between England and France — The Anjou Marriage — Religious Difficulties — Insincerity of Elizabeth — Leicester once more — The Negotiation drops — Advice of Cecil — Count Louis at Paris — Proposed League between France and England against Spain — Mutual Distrust at the two Courts — The Privateers — Slave Market at Dover — Mission of Sir Henry Cobham to Madrid — The Duke of Feria — Cold Reception of Cobham — Ridolfi arrives at the Spanish Court — Political Assassination — Meeting of the Spanish Council — The Nuncio — Resolution to procure the Murder of Elizabeth — Chapin Vitelli offers to kill her — Orders sent to Alva to prepare to invade England — Slowness of the Spanish Movements — Sir John Hawkins pretends to be a Traitor — He offers to desert to Spain with Part of the English Fleet — He deceives the Queen of Scots — He deceives Philip and learns the intended Invasion — Letter of Hawkins to Cecil — Political Treachery — State of Scotland — Catherine de Medici refuses Assistance to Mary Stuart's Friends — Maitland works upon Elizabeth — Sir William Drury is sent to Edinburgh — Irritation of the Lords against England — They divide into three Parties — French, Spanish, and English — The Gathering at Stirling — Attempted Surprise of Stirling — Death of Lennox, and Regency of the Earl of Mar
Chapter XXII		Preparations for Insurrection in England — Suspicion cast upon the Duke of Norfolk — Norfolk recommitted to the Tower — His Secretaries are tortured — The Ridolfi Secret is discovered — Arrest of the Catholic Leaders — The Bishop of Ross makes a full Confession — Alva declines to move further — The French Marriage — The Due d'Alençon is proposed instead of Anjou — Dangerous Trifling — Resolution to try the Duke of Norfolk for High Treason — The Spanish Ambassador is ordered to leave England — Conspiracy of Berney and Mather — Intended Murder of Cecil — Arrest of the Conspirators — The Catholic Refugees once more address Philip — Philip, under Alva's Influence, will not help them — Preparations for Norfolk's Trial — Publication of Buchanan's "Detectio" — The Duke at the Bar — He is found Guilty and sentenced to die — Unwillingness of Elizabeth to consent to his Execution — Extreme Danger of her Position — Mary Stuart attempts to work upon her — Relaxation of Mary Stuait's Confinement — Characteristic Letter to Elizabeth — The Civil War in Scotland — Elizabeth will not interfere — Semper Eadem — Battle of Lepanto — Conference at Edinburgh Castle — Proposals for a Compromise — The Earl of Northumberland is given up to England Douglas of Lochleven — Explosion of Catholic Fanaticism in Paris — The Alençon Marriage — Elizabeth uncertain as usual — Treaty between England and France — Meeting of Parliament — Proposed Bill of Attainder against Mary Stuart — The Bishops memorialize the Queen for her Execution — Deputation from the two Houses — The Queen refuses to consent — Execution of the Duke of Norfolk — Bill to cut off Mary Stuart from the Succession — The Alençon Marriage — The Privateers are ordered to leave the Channel — Capture of Brille — General Insurrection in Holland and Ireland — Count Louis with the Huguenots takes Mons — Huguenot Ascendancy at the French Court — English Volunteers cross to Holland — The Alençon Marriage — Charles requests Elizabeth to join him in a War against Spain for the Liberation of the Low Countries — Elizabeth secretly offers to betray Flushing to Alva — Panic at the French Court, caused by Distrust of Elizabeth — Letter of Cecil to Coligny — The Queen of Scots at Sheffield — Execution of the Earl of Northumberland
Chapter XXIII		Catholic Reaction in Europe — Parallel Growth of Calvinism — Fanaticism in Paris — The Relations of the French Court towards the Huguenots contingent on the Conduct of Elizabeth — Marriage of the Princess Margaret with the King of Navarre — Catherine de Medici determines to abandon the Huguenots — Attempt to kill Coligny — Catherine works upon the King's Terrors — Conspiracy to murder the Huguenot Leaders — The Massacre of St. Bartholomew — The Causes of it — Delight in Rome — Effect in England — Danger of the Queen of Scots — Elizabeth prepares for War — La Mothe Feénelon admitted to an Audience — Attempted Excuses of the French Court — Alva makes fresh Approaches to England — Elizabeth resolves to accept his Advances — Rage of the Catholic Refugees — The English Volunteers are recalled from Zealand — Distress of Philip — The English Catholics pray him not to desert them — Alva insists that their Prayer shall be refused — Treaty between England and Spain — Knox returns to Edinburgh — Sermon on the Massacre — Negotiation for the Surrender of the Queen of Scots to the Earl of Mar — Sudden Death of Mar — Cecil and Leicester urge Elizabeth to interfere in Scotland — Sir H. Killegrew at Edinburgh — Morton elected Regent — Last Illness and Death of Knox — Character of Knox — The Civil War breaks out again — Pacification of Perth — Maitland and Grange refuse to submit — Elizabeth is requested to assist in Reducing Edinburgh Castle — After long Hesitation, she consents — Preparation for the Siege — Bombardment and Storming of the Castle — Death of Maitland — Execution of Grange, and Extinction of Mary Stuart's Party
Chapter XXIV		Interval of Quiet in Ireland after the Death of Shan O'Neil — Sketch of the Country and People by an Emissary of Philip the Second — Effect of the Attempt to force the Reformation upon the Irish — Tirlogh Lenogh Chief of the O'Neils — The Irish Debt — Plans for English Colonies — The Earl of Desmond a Prisoner in London — Proposal to partition Munster among a Party of English Gentlemen — Intention of the Colonists to exterminate the Native Irish — Quarrel between the Butlers and Sir Peter Carew — Leage of the Irish Chiefs — The Archbishop of Cashel goes to Spain to offer the Irish Crown to Philip — Murder of the English Settlers in Cork — Massacres and Counter-massacres — Edward Tremayne in Ireland — Sir H. Sidney overruns the South and West — Quarrel with the House of Ormond — Sir Humfrey Gilbert in Command at Kilmalloch — Wholesale Slaughter of the Irish — A Week's Service in Wicklow — Enormous Cost of Ireland to the English Crown — Sir Edward Fitton President of Connaught — Fortunes of the Archbishop of Cashel in Spain — Ireland a Fief of the See of Rome — Complications of European Politics — Sir Thomas Stukely at Madrid — History of Stukely — Two Parties among the Irish Catholics — Intended Invasion of Ireland by the Spaniards — Sir Henry Sidney resigns his Office — Sir William Fitzwilliam Deputy — Universal Disorder and Confusion — Report of Tremayne — Sir John Perrot President of Munster — The Scots invade Limerick — They are cut in Pieces by Perrot and the Butlers — Results of Perrot's Government — Elizabeth determines to conciliate the Irish — Attempted English Settlement at Knockfergus — Effect in Ireland of the Massacre of St. Bartholomew — Cattle-driving in the Pale — The Earl of Desmond is allowed to return to Ireland — He is again imprisoned in Dublin — Advice of Tremayne — Walter Devereux, Earl of Essex, undertakes to occupy Part of Ulster at his own Charge — Great Preparations — Essex lands at Carrickfergus — Bright Prospects soon overclouded — Failure and Ruin — Desmond escapes from Dublin — General Prostration of the English Power in Ireland
Chapter XXV		Development of the Character of Elizabeth — Her Favourites — The Bishop of Ely and Hatton Garden — State of France — Proposed Latitudinarian League — Haarlem taken — Exploits of Drake — Alva in Favour of an English Alliance — Treachery of English Officers in the Low Countries — Recall of Alva — Spanish Offers of Peace — Battle of Mook Heath — Melancholy Letter from the Prince of Orange — State of Parties in England — Philip II. refuses an Asylum to English Catholic Refugees — Elizabeth promises to reconsider her Secession from the Church — Burning of Anabaptists in England — Story of Edward Woodshawe — Siege of Leyden — Sir Henry Cobham's Mission to Spain — Debate in the Spanish Cabinet — Philip's Answer to Cobham — Position of the States — Perplexity of the English Council — Champagny's Mission — Wentworth's Speech in Parliament — Death of Requescens — Treatment of St. Aldegonde by Elizabeth — Her Anger with the Prince of Orange — She meditates a Change of Policy — Castelnau de Mauvissiere sent to England — Duke of Alençon a Suitor to Elizabeth — He joins La None and the Huguenots — Unsatisfactory Peace signed at Paris with the Protestants — The Catholics disregard it — Ravages of Spanish Mutineers in the States — The Seventeen Provinces unite against Spain in the Treaty of Ghent — Arrival of Don John of Austria — Mission of M. Schwegenhem to Elizabeth — She refuses to assist the Protestants — Effects of her Work — Sir John Smith sent to Madrid — His Interview with Archbishop Quiroga — Liberty enjoyed by Mary Queen of Scots — Margaret, Countess of Lennox — Plots with Lady Shrewsbury — Her Grandchild, Lady Arabella Stuart . — Elizabeth will not see Treason — Her Letter to Lord Shrewsbury — Her Correspondence with Regent Morton — Her Treatment of Bishops — Archbishops Parker and Grindal — The Spanish Troops evacuate Holland — Don John intends to break the Treaty — Fluctuations in Elizabeth's Policy — Severities to Recusants . — League with the States — Story of Oxenham, the Rover — Francis Drake sails from Plymouth — Don John defeats the States' Army at Gemblours — Their Indignation at Elizabeth's Want of Faith
Chapter XXVI		Assassination of Escobedo — Don Bernardino de Mendoza sent to England — First Interview with Elizabeth — She receives Count de Retz — Alençon offers to assist the States — Sir James Crofts bribed by Philip — Elizabeth repudiates the Bonds which she had given to the States — Distress of her Ministers — The Regent Morton — Resigns Regency — Duke of Guise proposes to invade Scotland — Mission of the Abbot of Dunfermline to Elizabeth — She rejects the Scotch Proposals — Will give no Money — Philip Sidney declines to carry her Message to the States — The States lose Patience — The Battle of Rymenant gained for them by the English — Elizabeth changes Policy again — She receives the Burgundian Crown Jewels — Closes her direct Dealings with the Netherlands — Her last Matrimonial Adventure — She invites Alençcon to visit her — Death of Don John, Alexander of Parma becomes Regent — Battle of Alcazar, and Death of Sebastian of Portugal — Prosperity of England — Audacity of the Pirates — Alençon leaves the States — M. Simier brings Elizabeth his Letter — Opinions in England on the Marriage — Demands of Alençon — Leicester's Marriage to Lettice Knollys — Alençon's Personal Appearance — Pamphlet by John Stubbs — General Dislike in England of the Alençon Marriage . — Stubbs loses his Hand — The Marriage Treaty suspended for two Months — And then allowed to drop — Cecil's Advice to the Queen — Catholic Plot against England — The Refugees at Rheims — Meditated Jesuit Invasion — The Missionaries of Disaffection
Chapter XXVII		Relations between England and Ireland — Cruel Effects of the Queen's Economy — The Earl of Essex appointed Governor of Ulster — Submission of Tirlogh Lenogh and Sir Phelim O'Neil — Submission and Pardon of the Earl of Desmond — Massacre of the O'Neils at Belfast — Campaign of Essex in the North — Murder of the Wives and Children of the Scotch Chiefs — Sir Henry Sidney again made Deputy — Progress of Sidney in Munster — Granny O'Malley — Ovations and Executions — State of Religion in Ireland — Catholic Revival — Report of Sidney on the Established Church — Execution of Justice in the South — Sir Nicholas Malby at Athlone — Revolt and Punishment of the Burkes — Death of Essex — Anarchy, temporal and spiritual — Sir William Drury President of Munster — Symptoms of Approaching Rebellion — Dr. Nicholas Sanders — Overtures to Spain for Interference in Ireland — Coldness of Philip — Sanders and James Fitzmaurice sail for Ireland with a Commission from the Pope — They land at Dingle — They call on the Earl of Desmond to join them — Murder of English Officers at Tralee — The Rising of the Geraldines — Death of James Fitzmaurice — Energy of Saunders — Malby destroys Ashketyn — Desmond declares for the Insurrection — The Earl of Ormond commissioned to suppress it — Supplies sent from England — Ormond and Pelham take the Field — Massacre of the People, and Capture of Carrigafoyle — Invasion of Kerry, and Narrow Escape of Sanders — Killarney in the Sixteenth Century — Death of Sir James of Desmond — Rising in the Pale — Lord Grey de Wilton Deputy — Defeat of the English in Glenmahire — An Italian and Spanish Force lands in Kerry — The Fort at Smerwick — Divisions among the Irish — The English Fleet ordered to Smerwick — Lord Grey goes thither with the Army — Bombardment and Capture of the Fort — Execution of the Garrison — Death of Sanders — Collapse of the Rebellion — English intended Clemency — Executions on all Sides — Despondency of Lord Grey — General Despair and Cruelty — Dress and Habits of an Irish Nobleman — Executions in Dublin — The Geraldines in the Forest — Burghley's Censure on the English Barbarities — Elizabeth desires to try Milder Methods — Preparations for the Last Campaign — Desmond refuses to submit — Ormond marches into Kerry — Catholic Ferocity — Desmond a Wanderer in the Mountains — Betrayed and killed — Ulick and Shan Burke — Arrest of Archbishop Hurley — Who is tortured and hanged without Trial — Grey succeeded by Sir John Perrot
Chapter XXVIII		Esmé Stuart, Count d'Aubigny, sent by the Jesuits to Scotland — Reorganisation of the French Faction at the Scotch Court — Philip invited to assist the Catholics there — Alarm of Elizabeth — Danger of the Earl of Morton — Elizabeth tempts Morton to commit Treason — Changes her Mind too late • — And when he fails, deserts him — Arrest of Morton, and Confinement in Dumbarton Castle — Charged with the Murder of Darnley — Obligation of Elizabeth to protect him — She remonstrates, threatens, and does Nothing — Dexterity and Treachery of D'Aubigny — Fresh Efforts to save Morton — Final Resolution of the Queen not to interfere — Trial and Sentence — The Last Morning — Death of Morton, and Victory of the Catholic Faction — The Jesuit Invasion of England — The Pope sanctions the Murder of Elizabeth — Elizabeth's Tolerant Policy towards the Catholics — Parsons and Campian — Their Early History — The Seminary at Rheims — The English Mission resolved upon — Difficulty in the Position of the English Catholics — New Construction of the Bull of Pope Pius — Agitation in the Court — The Queen appeals to the Country — Parsons and Campian land in England — Reception in London — Letter of Campian to the General of the Jesuits — He challenges the Protestant Divines — Arrest of the Jesuits — Use of Torture — Sufferings of the Catholics — Priests in the Pay of Walsingham — Exultation of Campian — Meeting of Parliament — Dispute between the Queen and the House of Commons — Bill for the Repression of Treasonable Practices — Complaint against the Anglican Bishops — Lukewarmness of the Catholic Laity — Campian publishes his "Ten Reasons" — Lyford Grange — Campian's Last Sermon — His Capture — Execution of Everard Harte — Campian is tortured — Six Catholic Noblemen promise Mendoza to take Arms — Disputation in the Tower Chapel — Trial of Campian and his Companions — Execution of Campian, Sherwin and Bryant — Reflections on the Treatment of the Jesuits — Failure and Success of Persecution — Burghley's "Execution of Justice" with Allen's Reply
Chapter XXIX		The Alençon Marriage revived — Early Life of Sir Francis Drake — Portrait of Drake — Preparations for the Great Voyage — The Pelican sails from Plymouth — Mr. Thomas Doughty — Magellan's Straits — Return of Captain Winter to England — Valparaiso and Tarapaca — Lima — Pursuit and Capture of the Cacafuego — Description of Drake and his Ship — Two Spanish Cruisers fear to attack him — He sails for California — Agitation in Spain and England — Anxiety of Philip to avoid a War — Feeling in the City of London — Convention between Mendoza and Elizabeth — Drake searches for a North-eastern Passage — Failing to find it, he returns by the Cape of Good Hope — The Pelican on a Coral Reef — Safe Arrival in England — Mendoza demands the Restoration of the Plunder — He is supported by Burghley and Sussex — False Returns of the Bullion — Favour of Drake with the Queen — She determines to restore Nothing — Alençon — Spanish Conquest of Portugal — Uneasiness of France and England — Advice of Burghley — The Crown of the Low Countries offered to Alençon — Elizabeth promises to marry him — Arrival of Alençon's Secretary — Incredulity of Mendoza — A French Embassy — Conditional Marriage Treaty — Manoeuvres to escape — Irritation in Paris — Likelihood of a Rupture with Spain — Don Antonio the Portuguese Pretender — Proposed Expedition to Terceira — Walsingham is sent to Paris — Elizabeth's Dilemma — Misgivings of Walsingham — She sends Alençon Money — Hard Treatment of Don Antonio — Remonstrances of Mendoza — Final Refusal to restore Drake's Plunder — Mendoza advises Philip to reconcile himself with Elizabeth — Alençon again in England — The Kiss at Greenwich — Fresh Hesitation — The Queen decides that she will not marry — Alençon goes to Holland — Installed Duke of Brabant — The Queen determines on a League with Spain — Resentment of the French Court — She inclines to the Marriage once more — Alternative Prospects
Chapter XXX		D'Aubigny created Duke of Lennox — Disposition of James — Relations between Scotland and France — Proposed Association of James and Mary Stuart in the Crown — Mission of Captain Errington . — Negotiations with the Queen of Scots — Elizabeth attempts to play her off against her Son — Letter of Mary Stuart to Mendoza — The Jesuits in Scotland — The Scotch Catholics make Advances to Spain — Correspondence with the Catholics in England — Proposed Treaty between Elizabeth and the Queen of Scots — Intended Invasion of England by the Duke of Lennox — Irresolution of Philip — Jesuit Plot for Invasion and Insurrection — The Duke of Guise — Episcopacy in Scotland — The Earl of Arran — Mr. Robert Montgomery — Action of the General Assembly — Tumult in Edinburgh — Alarms of Lennox — Eagerness of the Queen of Scots — Defeat of the French at Terceira — The Raid of Ruthven — Captivity of James — Scene in Edinburgh — Discovery of the Jesuit Plot — The Earls of Angus and Ruthven apply for Help to Elizabeth — Elizabeth refuses — French Intrigues — Appeal of Mary Stuart — La Mothe Fénelon comes to London — Proposed Alliance between France, England, and Mary Stuart — The Lady Arabella — Lennox retires from Scotland — Danger of James — Elizabeth receives Lennox in London — Lennox and Mendoza — Fresh Plans for Insurrection — Hesitation of the English Catholic Nobles — Treachery of Lennox — His Sudden Death in Paris — Parties in Scotland — Renewed Negotiations for an Arrangement with the Queen of Scots — Secretary Beale at Sheffield — Mary Stuart consults Mendoza — Mendoza advises her to temporise — Commissioners from Angus and Ruthven sent to Elizabeth — Conditions on which Scotland will be her Ally — Elizabeth demands the Extradition of the Jesuit Gasper Holt — She declines the Scotch Proposals — And will not part with Money — Continuation of the Treaty with Mary Stuart — Which also she declines to conclude
Chapter XXXI		Large Sums advanced to Alençon — Plots to assassinate the Prince of Orange — Orange wounded by Jaureguy — Enthusiastic Delight of the Catholics — The Prince recovers — The French Conspiracy — Catastrophe at Antwerp, and Flight of Alençon — Ineffectual Attempt at Reconciliation — Elizabeth again purposes to assist Spain in the Reconquest of the United Provinces — The Paris Plot — Guise prepares to invade England — Negotiations with Spain — Letter from Mendoza to Philip — James escapes from the Protestant Nobles in Scotland . — Revolution at the Scotch Court — James places himself at Guise's Disposition — Guise ready to sail, waits only for Support from Spain — Charles Paget sent over to arrange the Landing — Walsingham is sent to Scotland — Complaints of James — The King of Navarre applies to Elizabeth for Support . — Her Sharp Practice — Impatience of the Duke of Guise — Divisions among the Catholics — Attempt to assassinate Elizabeth — Death of Somerville and Arden — Arrest of Francis Throgmorton — His Confession on the Rack — Arrest of the Earls of Arundel and Northumberland — Difference of Opinion in the English Council — Fresh Executions of Seminary Priests — Expulsion of the Spanish Ambassador — Violent Scene with the Council — Parry's Plot — Parry and Morgan — The Low Countries . — Difficulties of James — He again writes to Guise — And to the Pope — Parties among the English Catholics — Protestant Plot to seize the King of Scots — The Lords are betrayed, and fly 678 Capture and Execution of Ruthven — Mary Stuart's Instructions to her Son — Elizabeth makes Fresh Efforts for a Compromise — Reopening of the Treaty with the Queen of Scots — She stands on "Proud Terms" — The Treaty is dropped — Letters of M. Fontenay from Scotland — Curious Account of the Character of James — Scotch Politicians — Mary Stuart's Hold over her Son
Chapter XXXII		Effects of Protestantism — The Channel Pirates — State of the English Church — Policy of Elizabeth — Death of Alencon — Murder of the Prince of Orange — Elizabeth pretends a Wish to defend the Netherlands — Burghley's Advice — The Earl of Arran — Paltry Manoeuvring with Scotland — Lord Hunsdon sent there — John Craig and Arran — General Perfidy — The Countess of Shrewsbury and Lady Arabella Stuart — Letter of Mary Queen of Scots to Elizabeth — Conduct of Mary — Letter of Warning to her from an Italian — Mary's Professions to Elizabeth, and to the Pope and Philip — St. Lawrence's Shoulder-bone — Confessions of Crichton, the Jesuit — Dread of Elizabeth's Assassination — Bond of Association — James's Indifference to his Mother — Mission of the Master of Gray — The Queen of Scots sends her Secretary to Elizabeth . — She despairs of Help from abroad — She is moved to Tutbury Castle — She threatens James with her Curse — Meeting of Parliament — Dread of the Jesuits — Speech of Dr. Parry — Display of Loyalty in the House of Commons — Parry's Treason — His Execution — New Bill to provide for the Queen's Safety — Her Speech from the Throne — The States offer themselves to Elizabeth — Difficulties of the Situation — Elizabeth's Insincerity — Henry III. refuses the Sovereignty of the States — Elizabeth's Letter demanding the Delivery of Morgan — The Holy League — Henry HI. declines Elizabeth's Aid — She sends Champernowne to the King of Navarre — Death of Gregory XIII., and Accession of Sextus V — Henry III. yields to the Guises — The King of Navarre's Appeal to Europe — Elizabeth refuses to help him — Scheme to rescue the Queen of Scots — Her Despair — She is placed under Sir Amyas Paulet's Care — James affects Devotion to Elizabeth — Proposed Assassination of Arran — A League negotiated between Elizabeth and James — Skirmish on the Border and Murder of Lord Russell — Arran suspected, and his Surrender demanded by Elizabeth — James refuses — Elizabeth withdraws her Demand — Arran prepares for an Armed Struggle — The Scotch Lords permitted to leave England — Flight of Arran — Elizabeth's Excuses to James — Letter of Elizabeth to James — Lord Northumberland destroys himself in the Tower — Collapse of the Party of Insurrection
Chapter XXIII		Positions of England and Spain — Elizabeth's Religious Views — Sir John Hawkins offers to destroy the Newfoundland Fishing Fleet — S Value of Elizabeth's Friendship — Arrest of English Sailors by Spain — Unjust Suspicions of Burghley — The States renew the Offer of Sovereignty to Elizabeth — Fall of Antwerp — Leicester appointed to command the English Troops in the States — His Departure delayed — Dreadful Sufferings of the Troops — Elizabeth's Irresolution — Leicester sails for the Hague — Drake's Expedition to Spain — His Exploits in the West Indies — Elizabeth and M. de Champagny — Her Meditated Betrayal of the States — Burghley's Share in it considered — Olivarez discusses the Invasion of England with Sextus V — Doubts of obtaining the Assent of France — Elizabeth's Secret Negotiations — Leicester accepts the Government of the Provinces — Elizabeth's Neglect of her Troops — Her Indignation with Leicester — Her Fury with Davison — Her Interview with Sir Thomas Sherley — Burghley threatens to resign — Effect of Drake's Successes — Mischievous Influence of Sir James Crofts — Anxiety of Walsingham — Bodenham and Grafigny examined — Elizabeth is forced to disown them — She renews the Negotiations for the Treaty — De Looe and the Prince of Parma — Alarm of Lord Buckhurst — Sir William Stanley — Loss of Grave and Venloo — Leicester remonstrates with Elizabeth — His Incapacity — Action at Zutphen — Death of Sir Philip Sidney — Leicester's Return — Sir John Perrot on Ireland — Ecclesiastical Disorganisation — Devon and Somerset Families settle in Ireland — The Jesuits once more — Rebellion of the Connaught Burkes — Defeat of the Scots on the Moy
Chapter XXXIV		The Two Futures open to Europe — Walsingham's Secret Correspondence — Devotion of the Jesuits to Spain — Loyalty of other Catholics — Difficulty of knowing Catholic Secrets — Plan to intercept the Correspondence of the Queen of Scots — The Giffords — Mary Stuart is moved to Chartley Manor 235 Her Letters are deciphered and read — Letters of Thomas Morgan — Plot to assassinate Elizabeth — Anthony Babington and John Ballard — Confederacy among the Catholic Nobles and Gentry — Babington's Accomplices and Plans — Morgan informs the Queen of Scots of the Conspiracy . — League between Elizabeth and James — Mary disinherits James — Babington explains his Plot to Mary Stuart — Her Reply — Its Authenticity discussed — Excuses for her Conduct — And for Elizabeth's — Mary Stuart's Unchanged Character — Folly of the Conspirators — The Arrests — Mary Stuart taken to Tixall — Seizure of her Papers — She returns to Chartley — Panic in England — Appeal of Elizabeth to Mary Stuart — Removal to Fotheringay — Trial of Babington — Executions — What to do with the Queen of Scots — Disposition of James — Examination of Letters — Resolution of the Peers — Trial of the Queen of Scots at Fotheringay — Technical Difficulties — She consents to appear — Her Address — The Court adjourns — She is declared guilty — Meeting of Parliament — Petition of the two Houses — Reply of Elizabeth — Interposition of France and Scotland — Mission of the Master of Gray and Sir Robert Melville — M. Believre sent from Paris — Interview with the Queen — Uncertainty as to the Real Disposition of France — Catholic Conspiracy in Scotland — Publication of the Sentence in London — Second Ineffectual Protest of Believre — Dismissal of Gray and Melville — Death or Imprisonment for Life — Message from Elizabeth to the Queen of Scots — Removal of her Cloth of State — Resolution to die a Martyr — Letters to Friends — Contrast of the two Queens — Elizabeth's Treatment of Walsingham — Pretended Conspiracy at the House of the French Ambassador — Critical Condition of Public Feeling — Betrayal of Deventer by Sir William Stanley — The Queen signs the Warrant for the Execution — Ambiguous Conversation with Davison — Suggestion to Sir Amyas Paulet to kill the Queen of Scots privately — Davison consults the Council — They agree to execute the Warrant — Paulet's Answer, and Elizabeth's Anger — Secretary Beale carries the Warrant to Fotheringay — The Queen of Scots learns that she is to die — Preparations for the End — The Morning of the Execution — Arrangement of the Hall — On the Scaffold — Death — Political Effects
Chapter XXXV		Responsibility of Sovereigns — The Execution known in London — Reception of the News by Elizabeth — Affected Indignation with Davison and Burghley — She protests her Innocence — Emotion in Scotland — And in France — Disgrace of Burghley — Prosecution of Davison — Sentence of the Commissioners — Punishment of Elizabeth — European Politics — Sextus V. and Count Olivarez — Philip intends to claim the English Succession — The Bishop of Dunblane — Scotch and Spanish Factions among the English Catholics — Allen in Favour of Philip — Scotch Sympathies in the Sacred College — Disorders in the Low Countries — Fresh Expedition of Sir Francis Drake — Burning of Galleons in Cadiz — Meditated Attack on Lisbon — Capture of the San Philip — Elizabeth persists in seeking Peace — The Religious Liberties of the States to be betrayed — Siege and Capture of Sluys — Neglect and Misery of the English Troops — The States demand the Restoration of the Cautionary Towns — Commission appointed to treat for Peace — Indignation of the States — The Civil War in France — Henry III. and the League — Jealousies between France and Spain — Intrigues at Rome — Spanish Preparations for War — The Spanish Fleet prepares to sail for England — Sufferings of Parma's Army at Dunkirk — Financial Embarrassments — Death of Santa Cruz — The English Commissioners at Ostend — Parma's Views about the Peace — And on the Possible Result of the Invasion — Philip determines to persevere — Depreciation of Landed Property in England — Collapse of the Treaty — Results of Elizabeth's Policy — The Huguenot Army dispersed for Want of Money — Ineffectual Appeals to the Queen — Guise, supported by Philip, occupies Paris — The Day of the Barricades, and Flight of the King — The Success is too late to be of Use to Spain
Chapter XXXVI		Supposed Weakness of England — Preparations for Defence — The English Navy — Its Annual Cost — Wages of Seamen — Condition of the Fleet in 1588 — False Economy of the Queen — Distress of Lord Howard — Ill-treatment of the Sailors — The Fleet collects — Elizabeth's Obstinacy — Sour Beer and Short Supplies — The Armada — Medina Sidonia, and other Officers in Command — Allen made Cardinal and Archbishop of Canterbury — His Pastoral Letter against Elizabeth — Sailing of the Armada — Its first Misfortunes — Arming of England — Leicester made Commander-in-Chief — Action off Plymouth — Superior Sailing of the English Ships — Destruction of Galleons — Enthusiasm of the young English Gentry — Fight off the Isle of Wight — The two Fleets reach Calais Roads — Preparations of the Prince of Parma — Want of Food and Powder in the English Fleet — Fire-ships sent upon the Armada — Action in the Straits of Dover — Terrible Defeat of the Spaniards — Flight of the Armada — Shattered Condition of the Ships — Council of War — Resolution to pass around Ireland — The English Fleet return to the Thames — Frightful Mortality among the Seamen — Neglect of the Government — Behaviour of Elizabeth — Death and Character of Leicester — The Armada at the North of Scotland — Eleven Days of Storm — Sidonia, with Fifty-two Ships, passes Cape Clear — Fate of the Remainder — Martinez de Recalde, with two others, follows Sidonia — Wreck in Blasket Sound — Wrecks in Clare, Arran, and Clew Bay — All Prisoners executed — Scene on the Coast of Sligo — Spaniards murdered by the Irish — Alonzo da Leyva — Wreck at Dunluce — Arrival of Sidonia in Spain — Condition of the Ships — Scene at St. Sebastian — Reception of the News by Philip — Failure of Parma at Bergen-op-Zoom — Gratification of the Pope and the Cardinals — Sextus and Olivarez — Disgrace of Allen — Murder of the Duke of Guise
Conclusion		Reasons for concluding the History at this Point — Effects of the Destruction of the Armada — The English Catholics become Anglicans — Reflections on the History of the two Religions — Superstition and Love of Truth — Government by Majorities and the Right of the Strong — Later Policy of Elizabeth — Internal Administration — Enforcement of the Act of Uniformity — Relations between Elizabeth and the Puritans — English Episcopacy — Toleration or Uniformity — Contrasts between France and England — Development of Anglicanism — "Martin Marprelate" — The Double Character of the English Church — Character and Position of the Bishops — Effects of the Retention of the Catholic Element — Death of Elizabeth — Hard Usage of Sovereigns by History — General Reflections